Electrically driven chemical reactor using a modular catalytic heating system

1. A catalytic module comprising:

an insulating housing comprising a first spacer and a second spacer closing the insulating housing, wherein the catalytic module is configured to connect with a second catalytic module at the first spacer, the second spacer, or both;

a catalytic heating element contained within the insulating housing and configured to allow for a passage of reactants through the catalytic heating element; and

a conductor configured to apply electrical power to the catalytic heating element when electrical power is applied to the conductor,

wherein the catalytic heating element is a combination of a heating element and a catalytic material.

2. The catalytic module of claim 1 , wherein the conductor heats the catalytic heating element through the application of electrical power.

3. The catalytic module of claim 2 , wherein the heating is resistive or inductive.

4. The catalytic module of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic heating element:

is a metallic or ceramic structure comprising at least one of Ni, Al, Cu, Au, Ag, Fe, Co, Pt, Pd, C, In, Ta, W, Sn, In, or Zn;

has a metal oxide coating or component comprising at least one of Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Sn, Si, La, Pr, Ce, or Zn; or

comprises a promotional additive comprising at least one of Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Ta, La, Pr, Ce, or Nb.

5. The catalytic module of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic heating element is fabricated by templating, 3D printing, extrusion, ball milling, sintering, dealloying, metallurgical foaming, powder metallurgy, polymer sponge templating, or direct ink writing to create a 3-dimensional structure having a size in a range from 1 micron to 1 meter.

6. The catalytic module of claim 1 wherein the catalytic heating element is hierarchically structured.

7. The catalytic module of claim 6 wherein the hierarchical structuring is achieved by surface treatment that includes at least one of dip coating, corrosion, electroplating, electrooxidation, electroreduction, galvanic exchange, wetness impregnation, or deposition precipitation.

8. The catalytic module of claim 6 wherein the hierarchical structuring is with respect to structure, pore size, composition, surface area, or active materials.

9. The catalytic module of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first spacer, the second spacer, or the insulating housing are ceramic.

10. The catalytic module of claim 1 wherein the conductor is centered in the catalytic heating element.

11. A reactor comprising:

a plurality of the catalytic modules of claim 1 , the plurality of the catalytic modules connected end-to-end forming a passage for reactants through the individual catalytic heating elements;

an inlet at the proximal end of the reactor for receiving reactants; and

an outlet at the distal end of the reactor for outputting products generated by the passage of reactants through the individual catalytic heating elements heated through the application of electrical power,

wherein each conductor applies power to its catalytic heating element independent of the power applied to the other catalytic heating elements.

12. The reactor of claim 11 having a shape configured to promote gas-solid interactions and internal mixing.

13. The reactor of claim 11 , wherein power is supplied equally to each of the catalytic heating elements.

14. The reactor of claim 11 , wherein power is supplied to each of the catalytic heating elements based on heating requirements.

15. The reactor of claim 11 , wherein the reactor is a tube-in-tube configuration having an annulus and a center, wherein:

the annulus and the center are filled with different materials; and

the reactor system is a compact, electrically-driven, two-stage reactor system.

16. The reactor of claim 15 , wherein the reactor is configured induce an exothermic reaction in the center, release heat from the center, and transfer the released heat efficiently to an endothermic process.

17. A reactor comprising:

a plurality of the catalytic modules, the plurality of the catalytic modules connected end-to-end forming a passage for reactants through the individual catalytic heating elements;

an inlet at the proximal end of the reactor for receiving reactants; and

an outlet at the distal end of the reactor for outputting products generated by the passage of reactants through the individual catalytic heating elements heated through the application of electrical power,

wherein each conductor applies power to its catalytic heating element independent of the power applied to the other catalytic heating elements,

wherein each catalytic module of the plurality of catalytic modules comprises:

an insulating housing comprising a first spacer and a second spacer closing the insulating housing;

a catalytic heating element contained within the insulating housing and configured to allow for the passage of reactants through the catalytic heating element; and

a conductor configured to apply electrical power to the catalytic heating element when electrical power is applied to the conductor,

wherein the catalytic heating element is a combination of a heating element and a catalytic material,

wherein the reactor is a tube-in-tube configuration having an annulus and a center, wherein:

the annulus and the center are filled with different materials; and

the reactor system is a compact, electrically-driven, two-stage reactor system.

18. The reactor of claim 17 having a shape configured to promote gas-solid interactions and internal mixing.

19. The reactor of claim 17 , wherein power is supplied equally to each of the catalytic heating elements.

20. The reactor of claim 17 , wherein power is supplied to each of the catalytic heating elements based on heating requirements.

21. The reactor of claim 17 , wherein the reactor is configured induce an exothermic reaction in the center, release heat from the center, and transfer the released heat efficiently to an endothermic process.