Hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger of a turbofan engine
A turbofan engine includes a fan, a core turbine engine having an exhaust section, and a hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger in flow communication with the exhaust section and hydrogen flowing along a hydrogen supply line. The hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger defines a load capacity factor determined by raising a product to a one-quarter power, the product being determined by multiplying a heat transfer surface area density associated with the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger by a process conductance parameter that relates characteristics of hydrogen, ambient air, and exhaust gas at takeoff, as well as a fan diameter of the fan and an overall pressure ratio of the turbofan engine. The load capacity factor is between 2.92 and 24 for the fan diameter being between 0.5 and 5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 500 m 2 /m 3 and 13,000 m 2 /m 3 .
1. A turbofan engine, comprising:
a core turbine engine defining a core air flowpath;
a fan positioned upstream of the core turbine engine; and
a hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger in flow communication with an exhaust section of the core air flowpath, the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger defining a load capacity factor being determined by raising a product to a one-quarter power, the product being determined by multiplying a heat transfer surface area density associated with the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger by a process conductance parameter that relates an exhaust gas temperature at takeoff, an ambient air temperature at takeoff, a critical temperature of hydrogen, an exhaust gas mass flowrate at takeoff, a mass flowrate factor of hydrogen at critical condition, a fan diameter of the fan, and an overall pressure ratio of the turbofan engine, and
wherein the load capacity factor is between 2.92 and 24 for the fan diameter of the fan being between 0.5 and 5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 500 m 2 /m 3 and 13,000 m 2 /m 3 .
2. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , further comprising:
a combustion section;
a hydrogen supply line providing flow communication between a hydrogen tank and the combustion section;
a first heat exchanger positioned along the hydrogen supply line and arranged so that a first fluid imparts thermal energy to hydrogen flowing along the hydrogen supply line; and
a second heat exchanger positioned along the hydrogen supply line downstream of the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger being arranged so that a second fluid imparts thermal energy to hydrogen flowing along the hydrogen supply line, and
wherein the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger is positioned along the hydrogen supply line downstream of the second heat exchanger and upstream of the combustion section, the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger being arranged so that exhaust gas from the exhaust section of the core air flowpath imparts thermal energy to hydrogen flowing along the hydrogen supply line.
3. The turbofan engine of claim 2 , wherein the first heat exchanger is a hydrogen-to-oil heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger is a hydrogen-to-air heat exchanger.
4. The turbofan engine of claim 2 , wherein the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger, and the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger process a heat duty of hydrogen flowing along the hydrogen supply line so that hydrogen delivered to the combustion section, is or within a predetermined range of, a predetermined pre-combustion temperature.
5. The turbofan engine of claim 4 , wherein the first heat exchanger is configured to process between thirty and forty percent of the heat duty, the second heat exchanger is configured to process between twenty and forty percent of the heat duty, and the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger is configured to process between thirty and fifty percent of the heat duty.
6. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger further comprises one or more exchanger units each having a core defining a plurality of channels, and wherein the heat transfer surface area density is defined as a quotient determined by dividing a heat exchanger channel surface area associated with the plurality of channels of the one or more exchanger units to a heat exchanger channel volume associated with the plurality of channels of the one or more exchanger units.
7. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the process conductance parameter is a product determined by multiplying an absolute value of a first quotient by a second quotient and by a third quotient,
the first quotient being determined by dividing a first difference determined by subtracting the ambient air temperature at takeoff from the exhaust gas temperature at takeoff by a second difference determined by subtracting the ambient air temperature at takeoff from the critical temperature of hydrogen,
the second quotient being determined by dividing the exhaust gas mass flowrate at takeoff by the mass flowrate factor of hydrogen at critical condition, and
the third quotient being determined by dividing the fan diameter of the fan by the overall pressure ratio.
8. The turbofan engine of claim 7 , wherein the mass flowrate factor of hydrogen at critical condition is a product determined by multiplying a critical density of hydrogen by a fourth quotient raised to a half power and by a cross-sectional area of a one inch inner diameter pipe, the fourth quotient being determined by dividing a product by the critical density of hydrogen, the product being determined by multiplying two by a third difference determined by subtracting an ambient pressure at takeoff from a critical pressure of hydrogen.
9. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the heat transfer surface area density for the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger is determined by one or more characteristics associated with a control volume defined by a core of the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger.
10. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the load capacity factor is between 4.58 and 24 for the fan diameter of the fan being between 0.5 and 5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 3,000 m 2 /m 3 and 13,000 m 2 /m 3 .
11. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the load capacity factor is between 2.92 and 16.63 for the fan diameter of the fan being between 0.5 and 5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 500 m 2 /m 3 and 3,000 m 2 /m 3 .
12. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the load capacity factor is between 4.58 and 19.65 for the fan diameter of the fan being between 0.5 and 3.5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 3,000 m 2 /m 3 and 13,000 m 2 /m 3 .
13. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the load capacity factor is between 13.62 and 24 for the fan diameter of the fan being between 3.5 and 5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 3,000 m 2 /m 3 and 13,000 m 2 /m 3 .
14. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the load capacity factor is between 2.92 and 13.62 for the fan diameter of the fan being between 0.5 and 3.5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 500 m 2 /m 3 and 3,000 m 2 /m 3 .
15. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the load capacity factor is between 8.70 and 16.63 for the fan diameter of the fan being between 3.5 and 5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 500 m 2 /m 3 and 3,000 m 2 /m 3 .
16. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the overall pressure ratio of the turbofan engine is between ten and 65.
17. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the overall pressure ratio of the turbofan engine is between 20 and 50.
18. The turbofan engine of claim 1 , wherein the exhaust gas temperature at takeoff is between 500 degrees Celsius and 1,500 degrees Celsius.
19. A method, comprising:
operating a turbofan engine so that a hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger of the turbofan engine processes, using exhaust gas produced by the turbofan engine, a heat duty of hydrogen being delivered to a combustion section of the turbofan engine, the turbofan engine having a fan,
the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger defining a load capacity factor being determined by raising a product to a one-quarter power, the product being determined by multiplying a heat transfer surface area density associated with the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger by a process conductance parameter that relates an exhaust gas temperature at takeoff, an ambient air temperature at takeoff, a critical temperature of hydrogen, an exhaust gas mass flowrate at takeoff, a mass flowrate factor of hydrogen at critical condition, a fan diameter of the fan, and an overall pressure ratio of the turbofan engine, and
wherein the load capacity factor is between 2.92 and 24 for the fan diameter of the fan being between 0.5 and 5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 500 m 2 /m 3 and 13,000 m 2 /m 3 .
20. A hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger in flow communication with an exhaust section of a turbofan engine, the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger comprising:
one or more exchanger units each having a core defining a plurality of channels,
the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger defining a load capacity factor being determined by raising a product to a one-quarter power, the product being determined by multiplying a heat transfer surface area density associated with the hydrogen-exhaust gas heat exchanger by a process conductance parameter that relates an exhaust gas temperature of the turbofan engine at takeoff, an ambient air temperature at takeoff, a critical temperature of hydrogen, an exhaust gas mass flowrate at takeoff, a mass flowrate factor of hydrogen at critical condition, a fan diameter of a fan of the turbofan engine, and an overall pressure ratio of the turbofan engine, and
wherein the load capacity factor is between 2.92 and 24 for the fan diameter of the fan being between 0.5 and 5 meters and the heat transfer surface area density being between 500 m 2 /m 3 and 13,000 m 2 /m 3 .