Spark plug with cooling features and method of manufacturing the same
A spark plug having one or more cooling feature(s) that reduce the temperature of a ground electrode and can be manufactured using an additive manufacturing process. The cooling feature(s) include internal cooling passages that can be filled with either a heat conducting solid (passive cooling example) or a heat conducting fluid (active cooling example). In the passive cooling example, the internal cooling passage is filled with a heat conducting solid that is inserted into the passage, melted and solidified such that it forms a metallic bond with the walls of the passage. In the active cooling example, the internal cooling passage is filled with a heat conducting fluid that flows through the passage and removes heat from the ground electrode. In both examples, internal cooling passage(s) of the ground electrode are aligned with corresponding cooling passage(s) formed in the shell.
1. A spark plug, comprising:
a shell having an axial bore;
an insulator at least partially disposed within the axial bore of the shell and having an axial bore;
a center electrode at least partially disposed within the axial bore of the insulator;
a ground electrode attached to the shell and having an electrode base; and
a cooling feature having a first internal cooling passage formed within the electrode base of the ground electrode, a first heat conducting material situated within the first internal cooling passage, a second internal cooling passage formed within the shell, and a second heat conducting material situated within the second internal cooling passage,
wherein the first internal cooling passage is aligned with the second internal cooling passage and the first heat conducting material is thermally coupled to the second heat conducting material so that, during operation, the cooling feature can remove heat from an area near a sparking surface.
2. The spark plug of claim 1 , wherein the electrode base of the ground electrode includes a plurality of laser deposition layers that are arranged one on top of another and define the first internal cooling passage.
3. The spark plug of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of laser deposition layers of the electrode base are made from a nickel-based material using a powder bed fusion technique.
4. The spark plug of claim 1 , wherein the ground electrode includes an electrode tip made from a precious metal-based material, the electrode tip includes the sparking surface and is attached to the electrode base such that the first heat conducting material is directly thermally coupled to the electrode tip at a heat input portion.
5. The spark plug of claim 1 , wherein the cooling feature is a passive cooling feature, the first heat conducting material is a solid material that is bonded to the first internal cooling passage with a first metallic bond, and the second heat conducting material is a solid material that is bonded to the second internal cooling passage with a second metallic bond.
6. The spark plug of claim 5 , wherein each of the first and second heat conducting materials is made from at least one of a copper-based material, a silver-based material or a tin-based material.
7. The spark plug of claim 6 , wherein the first and second heat conducting materials are the same material.
8. The spark plug of claim 6 , wherein the first and second heat conducting materials are different materials.
9. The spark plug of claim 1 , wherein the cooling feature is an active cooling feature, and the first and second heat conducting materials are a fluid material that flows within the first and second internal cooling passages.
10. The spark plug of claim 1 , wherein the first and second heat conducting materials are the same material and include at least one of water, glycol, sodium or a mixture thereof.
11. The spark plug of claim 1 , wherein the first internal cooling passage includes a heat output portion with a flared or enlarged opening for improved alignment with the second internal cooling passage.
12. The spark plug of claim 1 , wherein the ground electrode is a bridge-type ground electrode that extends across the entire axial bore of the shell and attaches to the shell at first and second locations, the first internal cooling passage includes a heat input portion, first and second heat output portions, and a main passage portion;
the first heat output portion branches off of the main passage portion at a first end of the main passage portion and extends to an area near a first attachment surface where the ground electrode attaches to the shell;
the second heat output portion branches off of the main passage portion at a second end of the main passage portion and extends to an area near a second attachment surface where the ground electrode attaches to the shell; and
the heat input portion branches off of the main passage portion at a middle section of the main passage portion that is located between the first and second ends.
13. The spark plug of claim 1 , wherein the ground electrode is an arc-type ground electrode that extends across part of the axial bore of the shell and attaches to the shell at a first location.
14. A ground electrode for a spark plug, comprising:
an electrode base having a plurality of laser deposition layers arranged one on top of another; and
a cooling feature having an internal cooling passage and a heat conducting material, the internal cooling passage is filled with the heat conducting material and includes a heat input portion, a heat output portion, and a main passage portion;
the heat input portion is connected to the main passage portion and extends to an area near a sparking surface; and
the heat output portion is connected to the main passage portion and extends to an area near an attachment surface where the ground electrode attaches to a spark plug shell;
wherein the plurality of laser deposition layers make up walls that define the internal cooling passage within the electrode base.
15. The ground electrode of claim 14 , wherein the heat output portion of the internal cooling passage located in the ground electrode is configured to be aligned with and thermally coupled to a heat input portion of an internal cooling passage located in the spark plug shell when the ground electrode is attached to the shell at the attachment surface.
16. The ground electrode of claim 14 , wherein the cooling feature is a passive cooling feature and the heat conducting material is a solid material that is bonded to the walls that define the internal cooling passage with a metallic bond.
17. The ground electrode of claim 14 , wherein the cooling feature is an active cooling feature and the heat conducting material is a fluid material that flows within the internal cooling passage.
18. The ground electrode of claim 14 , wherein the ground electrode is a bridge-type ground electrode that is configured to extend across an entire axial bore of the spark plug shell and to attach to the spark plug shell at first and second locations, the internal cooling passage includes the heat input portion, first and second heat output portions, and the main passage portion;
the first heat output portion branches off of the main passage portion at a first end of the main passage portion and extends to an area near a first attachment surface where the ground electrode attaches to the spark plug shell;
the second heat output portion branches off of the main passage portion at a second end of the main passage portion and extends to an area near a second attachment surface where the ground electrode attaches to the spark plug shell; and
the heat input portion branches off of the main passage portion at a middle section of the main passage portion that is located between the first and second ends.
19. The ground electrode of claim 14 , wherein the ground electrode is an arc-type ground electrode that is configured to extend across part of an axial bore of the spark plug shell and to attach to the spark plug shell at a first location.
20. A process for manufacturing a ground electrode for a spark plug, the process comprises the steps of:
forming an electrode base using an additive manufacturing process, the electrode base is formed layer-by-layer such that a plurality of laser deposition layers are arranged one on top of another and define an internal cooling passage;
adding a heat conducting material to the internal cooling passage;
heating the heat conducting material such that it at least partially melts and fills the internal cooling passage; and
allowing the at least partially melted heat conducting material to solidify and form a metallic bond with walls of the internal cooling passage, wherein the internal cooling passage and the heat conducting material are part of a cooling feature for removing heat from an area near a sparking surface.