Systems and methods for high temperature synthesis of single atom dispersions and multi-atom dispersions
Disclosed are single atom dispersions and multi-atom dispersions, and systems and methods for synthesizing the atomic dispersions. An exemplary method of synthesizing atomic dispersions includes: positioning a loaded substrate which includes a substrate which is loaded with at least one of: a precursor of an element or a cluster of an element, applying one or more temperature pulses to the loaded substrate where a pulse of the temperature pulse(s) applies a target temperature for a duration, maintaining a cooling period after the pulse, and providing single atoms of the element dispersed on the substrate after the one or more temperature pulses. The target temperature applied by the pulse is between 500 K and 4000 K, inclusive, and the duration is between 1 millisecond and 1 minute, inclusive.
1. A method of synthesizing atomic dispersions, comprising:
positioning a loaded substrate, the loaded substrate comprising a substrate which is loaded with at least one of: a precursor of an element or a cluster of an element;
applying at least one temperature pulse to the loaded substrate, wherein a pulse of the at least one temperature pulse applies a target temperature for a duration, wherein the target temperature is between 500 K and 4000 K, inclusive, and wherein the duration is between 1 millisecond and 1 minute, inclusive;
after the pulse, maintaining a cooling period; and
after the at least one temperature pulse, providing single atoms of the element dispersed on the substrate.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, during the pulse:
causing at least partial single atom dispersion of the element on the substrate; and
forming atom-substrate bonds to stabilize single atoms of the element on the substrate.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the at least one temperature pulse applies the target temperature for the duration, the method further comprising:
after each of the at least one temperature pulse, maintaining a cooling period.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising, during each of the at least one temperature pulse:
causing at least partial single atom dispersion of the element on the substrate; and
forming atom-substrate bonds to stabilize single atoms of the element on the substrate.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
performing at least one iteration of:
loading the substrate with at least one of: a precursor of a further element or a cluster of a further element;
applying at least one further temperature pulse to the loaded substrate, wherein each of the at least one further temperature pulse applies the target temperature for the duration;
after each of the at least one further temperature pulse, maintaining a cooling period; and
after the at least one further temperature pulse, providing multi-atom dispersions of the element and the further element on the substrate.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the element and the further element are one of: a same element or different elements.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the element is one of Pt, Ru, or Co.
8. A system for synthesizing atomic dispersions, comprising:
a loaded substrate comprising a substrate which is loaded with at least one of: a precursor of an element or a cluster of an element;
at least one heating element; and
a controller configured to:
control the at least one heating element to apply at least one temperature pulse to the loaded substrate, wherein a pulse of the at least one temperature pulse applies a target temperature for a duration, wherein the target temperature is between 500 K and 4000 K, inclusive, and wherein the duration is between 1 millisecond and 1 minute, inclusive, and
after the pulse, maintain a cooling period,
wherein after the at least one temperature pulse, single atoms of the element are dispersed on the substrate.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the pulse causes at least partial single atom dispersion of the element on the substrate and causes formation of atom-substrate bonds to stabilize single atoms of the atom on the substrate.
10. The system of claim 8 , wherein the at least one heating element is configured to apply one of: direct Joule heating, conduction heating, radiative heating, microwave heating, laser heating, or plasma heating.
11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the controller is configured to:
control the at least one heating element to, for each of the at least one temperature pulse, apply the target temperature for the duration, and
after each of the at least one temperature pulse, maintain a cooling period.
12. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a conveyor holding the loaded substrate,
wherein the controller is configured to control the conveyor to convey the loaded substrate for heating by the at least one heating element,
wherein controlling the at least one heating element to apply the at least one temperature pulse to the loaded substrate includes:
controlling the at least one heating element to maintain the temperature, and
controlling a speed of the conveyor to expose portions of the loaded substrate to each of the at least one heating element for the duration.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the at least one heating element includes a plurality of heating elements,
wherein the plurality of heating elements are positioned apart such that conveying the portions of the loaded substrate on the conveyor between each of the plurality of heating elements implements the cooling period.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the loaded substrate is a contiguous strip, wherein the conveyor continuously conveys the contiguous strip of loaded substrate.
15. The system of claim 11 , wherein the loaded substrate is in one of: powder form or droplet form, the system further comprising a projection device for projecting the loaded substrate through the at least one heating element,
wherein controlling the at least one heating element to apply the at least one temperature pulse to the loaded substrate includes:
controlling the at least one heating element to maintain the temperature, and controlling a projection speed of the projection device to expose the loaded substrate to each of the at least one heating element for the duration.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the at least one heating element includes a plurality of heating elements,
wherein the plurality of heating elements are positioned apart such that travel of the projected loaded substrate between each of the plurality of heating elements implements the cooling period.