Heat driven thermal management systems and methods for operating the same
Apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed to power thermal management systems with heat of a working fluid therein. Example thermal management system include: a thermal transport bus loop fluidly coupled to at least one heat source exchanger and at least one heat sink exchanger; a turbomachine including a turbine and a compressor, the turbine and compressor rotatably interlocked via a shaft, the compressor coupled to the thermal transport bus loop, the turbine including an inlet and an outlet, the inlet connected to a first point of the thermal transport bus loop via a first flowline, the outlet connected to a second point of the thermal transport bus loop via a second flowline; and a control valve coupled to the first flowline, the control valve to adjust a mass flowrate of the heat exchange fluid in the first flowline based on a speed of the shaft.
1. A thermal management system comprising:
a thermal transport bus loop fluidly coupled to at least one heat source exchanger and at least one heat sink exchanger;
a turbomachine including a turbine and a compressor, the turbine and the compressor rotatably interlocked via a shaft, the compressor coupled to the thermal transport bus loop, the compressor including a compressor inlet, the compressor to pressurize a heat exchange fluid in the thermal transport bus loop, the turbine including a turbine inlet and a turbine outlet, the turbine inlet connected to a first point of the thermal transport bus loop via a first flowline, the turbine outlet connected to a second point of the thermal transport bus loop via a second flowline, the second point disposed downstream of the heat sink exchanger and immediately upstream of the compressor inlet;
a check valve coupled to the first flowline, the check valve preventing a backflow of the heat exchange fluid from the turbine inlet to the first point; and
a control valve coupled to the first flowline, the control valve to adjust a mass flowrate of the heat exchange fluid in the first flowline based on a speed of the shaft.
2. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heat source exchanger includes a first heat source exchanger and a second heat source exchanger, and the at least one heat sink exchanger includes a first heat sink exchanger and a second heat sink exchanger, the first heat source exchanger positioned downstream of the compressor, the second heat source exchanger positioned downstream of the first heat source exchanger, the first heat sink exchanger positioned downstream of the second heat source exchanger, the second heat sink exchanger positioned downstream of the first heat sink exchanger.
3. The thermal management system of claim 2 , wherein the first point is positioned downstream of the second heat source exchanger and upstream of the first heat sink exchanger.
4. The thermal management system of claim 1 , further including a control system and a speed sensor, the speed sensor coupled to the turbomachine, the control system is configured to:
detect the speed of the shaft;
determine whether the speed of the shaft satisfies a threshold;
cause the control valve to increase an output flowrate when the speed of the shaft does not satisfy the threshold; and
cause the control valve to decrease the output flowrate when the speed of the shaft satisfies the threshold.
5. The thermal management system of claim 4 , wherein the control system is configured to:
cause the control valve to fully open when the speed of the shaft does not satisfy the threshold; and
cause the control valve to fully close when the speed of the shaft satisfies the threshold.
6. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein:
the thermal transport bus loop is a first thermal transport bus loop,
the thermal management system further includes a second thermal transport bus loop, and
the first and second thermal transport bus loops are configured to operate in parallel.
7. The thermal management system of claim 6 , wherein:
the turbomachine is a first turbomachine coupled to the first thermal transport bus loop,
the thermal management system further includes a second turbomachine coupled to the second thermal transport bus loop.
8. A heat driven advanced Brayton cycle apparatus comprising: a thermal transport bus to transmit a working fluid within the heat driven advanced Brayton cycle apparatus; a turbomachine including a turbine and a compressor mounted on a shaft, the compressor including a compressor inlet, the turbine including a turbine inlet and a turbine outlet, the turbine inlet fluidly coupled to the thermal transport bus via a first flowline, the turbine to convert thermal energy of a portion of the working fluid to mechanical power, the shaft to transfer the mechanical power to the compressor, the compressor to convert the mechanical power into kinetic energy of the working fluid the turbine outlet connected to a point of the thermal transport bus via a second flowline, the point disposed downstream of a heat sink exchanger of the thermal transport bus and immediately upstream of the compressor inlet; and
a check valve coupled to the first flowline, the check valve preventing backflow of the working fluid through the first flowline from the turbine inlet;
a control system configured to:
detect a speed of the shaft via a speed sensor, the speed sensor coupled to the turbomachine;
determine whether the speed of the shaft satisfies a threshold;
cause a control valve to reduce a mass flowrate in the first flowline when the speed of the shaft satisfies the threshold; and
cause the control valve to increase the mass flowrate in the first flowline when the speed of the shaft does not satisfy the threshold.
9. The heat driven advanced Brayton cycle apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the point is a second point, the thermal transport bus includes a heat source exchanger, the first flowline coupled to the thermal transport bus at a first point, and the first point positioned downstream of the heat source exchanger and upstream of the heat sink exchanger.
10. The heat driven advanced Brayton cycle apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the control system is configured to:
cause the control valve to fully close when the speed of the shaft satisfies the threshold; and
cause the control valve to fully open when the speed of the shaft does not satisfy the threshold.
11. The heat driven advanced Brayton cycle apparatus of claim 8 , further including a motor and generator unit coupled to the shaft.
12. The heat driven advanced Brayton cycle apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the threshold is a first threshold, and the control system is to:
cause the motor and generator unit to operate in a motor mode when the speed of the shaft does not satisfy a second threshold; and
cause the motor and generator unit to operate in a generator mode when the speed of the shaft satisfies the second threshold.
13. The heat driven advanced Brayton cycle apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the control system is to:
cause the motor and generator unit to generate the mechanical power based on electrical power when the speed of the shaft does not satisfy the second threshold, the electrical power obtained from a power source; and
cause the motor and generator unit to generate the electrical power based on the mechanical power when the speed of the shaft satisfies the second threshold, the electrical power transmitted to a power sink.
14. A method comprising:
detecting a shaft speed based on a measurement obtained from a speed sensor, the shaft speed corresponding to a rotational speed of a turbomachine of a thermal transport bus loop, the turbomachine including a turbine coupled to a compressor via a shaft, the compressor integrated into a first flowline, the turbine integrated into a second flowline, an outlet of the turbine connected to a point of the thermal transport bus loop via the second flowline, the point disposed downstream of a heat sink exchanger of the thermal transport bus loop and immediately upstream of an inlet of the compressor, the second flowline including a check valve to prevent backflow from the turbine via the second flowline;
determining whether the shaft speed satisfies a threshold;
opening a control valve when the shaft speed does not satisfy the threshold, the control valve integrated into the second flowline; and
closing the control valve when the shaft speed satisfies the threshold.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the opening of the control valve includes fully opening the control valve, and the closing of the control valve includes fully closing the control valve.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the opening of the control valve includes partially opening the control valve to a first area, and the closing of the control valve includes partially closing the control valve to a second area, the first and second areas based on a predetermined flowrate in the second flowline.
17. The method of claim 14 , further including determining an operating mode of a motor and generator unit coupled to the turbomachine.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the threshold is a first threshold, and the determining of the operating mode includes:
determining whether the shaft speed satisfies a second threshold;
causing the motor and generator unit to operate as a motor when the shaft speed does not satisfy the second threshold; and
causing the motor and generator unit to operate as a generator when the shaft speed satisfies the second threshold.