Durable magnet wires and lubricating fluids for electric and hybrid vehicle applications
The present disclosure relates to a driveline for an electric or hybrid-electric vehicle including an electric motor with an insulated magnet wire and a lubricating and cooling fluid configured to maintain the durability of the magnet wire.
1. A system including a lubricating fluid and an insulated magnet wire, the system comprising:
a lubricating fluid including (i) a detergent system providing at least about 50 ppm metal to the fluid; (ii) a base oil system including a first base oil of lubricating viscosity blended with an ester base oil, wherein the base oil system includes at least about 20 weight percent of the ester base oil and providing ester groups to the base oil system; and (iii) a ratio of the metal provided by the detergent system to mol percent of ester groups in the base oil system of the lubricating fluid of about 70 or less;
an insulated magnet wire having an insulation coating thereon with a thermal rating of about 190° C. to about 210° C., wherein the insulation coating of the magnet wire includes one or more layers and wherein an outermost layer of the insulation coating has a composition including a polyamide, a polyimide, a poly(amide/imide), combinations thereof, blends thereof, or copolymers thereof; and
wherein the lubricating fluid contacts the outermost layer of the insulated magnet wire.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the insulated magnet wire in contact with the lubricating fluid has a breakdown voltage of about 10,000 volts or higher.
3. The system claim 1 , wherein the insulated magnet wire includes a wire having an AWG gauge of 14 to 30.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the magnet wire is copper.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein an outer surface of the insulated magnet wire contacts the lubricating fluid.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ester base oil includes a branched diester.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the branched diester is a reaction product of one or more dicarboxylic acids having an internal carbon chain length of 6 to 10 and one or more alcohols having a branched carbon chain length of 6 to 12 carbons.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ester base oil includes a monoester and/or a diester having the structure of Formula I:
wherein R 1 is a carbon chain having m−2 carbons with m being an integer from 6 to 10, R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and include C8 to C20 linear or branched alkyl chains, and n is an integer of 0 or 1.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein n is 1 and R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and include C8 to C10 branched alkyl chains.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ester base oil is selected from a dibasic ester based on bi (6-methylheptyl) adipate; a dibasic ester based on bis(8-methylnonyl) adipate; or a linear monoester having about 16 to about 18 carbons in an acid moiety thereof and about 20 linear carbons in an alcohol moiety thereof; or combinations thereof.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the detergent system includes alkali or alkaline metal salts of phenates, sulfonates, calixarates, salixrates, salicylates, carboxylic acids, sulfurized derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the alkali or alkaline metal includes calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, lithium, barium, or mixtures thereof.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the detergent system provides no more than 800 ppm of the metal.
14. The system vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the first base oil of the base oil system is a mineral or synthetic base oil.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first base oil of the base oil system is a polyalphaolefin.
16. A method of lubricating an electric motor of a hybrid or hybrid-electric vehicle, the method comprising:
lubricating an electric motor with a lubricating fluid;
wherein the electric motor includes at least one insulated magnet wire having an insulation coating thereon, wherein the insulation coating includes one or more layers and wherein an outermost layer includes a polyamide, a polyimide, a poly(amide/imide), a combination thereof, blends thereof, or copolymers thereof, and wherein the insulation coating of the magnet wire has a thermal rating of about 190° C. to about 200° C.;
wherein the lubricating fluid includes (i) a detergent system providing at least about 50 ppm metal to the fluid; (ii) a base oil system including a first base oil of lubricating viscosity blended with an ester base oil, wherein the base oil system includes at least about 20 weight percent of the ester base oil and providing ester groups to the base oil system; and (iii) a ratio of the metal provided by the detergent system to mol percent of ester groups in the base oil system of the lubricating fluid of about 70 or less; and
wherein the lubricating fluid contacts the outmost layer of the insulated magnet wire.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the insulated magnet wire in contact with the lubricating fluid has a breakdown voltage of about 10,000 volts or higher.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the ester base oil includes a branched diester.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the branched diester is a reaction product of one or more dicarboxylic acids having an internal carbon chain length of 6 to 10 and one or more alcohols having a branched carbon chain length of 6 to 12 carbons.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the ester base oil includes a monoester and/or a diester having the structure of Formula I:
wherein R 1 is a carbon chain having m−2 carbons with m being an integer from 6 to 10, R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and include C8 to C20 linear or branched alkyl chains, and n is an integer of 0 or 1.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein n is 1 and R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and include C8 to C10 branched alkyl chains.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein the ester base oil is selected from a dibasic ester based on bi(6-methylheptyl)adipate; a dibasic ester based on bis(8-methylnonyl)adipate; or a linear monoester having about 16 to about 18 carbons in an acid moiety thereof and about 20 linear carbons in an alcohol moiety thereof.
23. The method of claim 16 , wherein the detergent system provides no more than 800 ppm of the metal.