Self-sulfur doped carbon electrodes derived from poly-anthraquinone sulfide for supercapacitors
A supercapacitor including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator. The separator is between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and the electrolyte is present in and on the separator. The negative electrode and the positive electrode include a carbon material selected from a poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material and a poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material.
1. A supercapacitor, comprising:
a negative electrode comprising a carbon material and a substrate, wherein the carbon material is at least one selected from the group consisting of a poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material and a poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material, and wherein the carbon material is coated on the substrate and the substrate is a metal foil;
a positive electrode comprising a carbon material and a substrate, wherein the carbon material is at least one selected from the group consisting of a poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material and a poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material, and wherein the carbon material is coated on the substrate and the substrate is a metal foil;
an electrolyte;
a separator,
wherein the separator is between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and the electrolyte is present in and on the separator.
2. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material is the poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material made by a process, comprising:
mixing poly-anthraquinone sulfide with a base in water to form a mixture,
wherein the poly-anthraquinone sulfide and the base has a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:10,
heating the mixture to a first temperature of 130 to 170° C. for 40 to 56 hours; and
heating the mixture to a second temperature of 800 to 900° C. for 30 to 90 minutes in an inert environment to form the poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material.
3. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material is the poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material made by a process comprising:
heating the poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material at a temperature of 550 to 650° C. for 30 to 90 minutes in an environment of 85 to 95 percent argon and 5 to 15 percent hydrogen gas to form the poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material.
4. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material is poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material and the substrate is an aluminum foil, wherein the carbon material has a specific surface area of 2200 to 2250 m 2 /g.
5. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material is poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material and the substrate is an aluminum foil, wherein the carbon material has a specific surface area of 1850 to 1900 m 2 /g.
6. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material of the negative electrode and the positive electrode is poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material, the substrate is an aluminum foil, and the supercapacitor has a specific capacitance of 130 to 150 F/g at a current density of 15 to 25 A/g.
7. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material of the negative electrode and the positive electrode is poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material, the substrate is an aluminum foil, and the supercapacitor has a specific capacitance of 50 to 60 F/g at a current density of 15 to 25 A/g.
8. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material of the negative electrode and the positive electrode is poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material, the substrate is an aluminum foil, and the supercapacitor retains 97 to 99% of an initial capacitance value after 20,000 charge and discharge cycles at a current density of 1 A/g.
9. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material of the negative electrode and the positive electrode is poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material, the substrate is an aluminum foil, and the supercapacitor retains 63 to 69% of an initial capacitance value after 20,000 charge and discharge cycles at a current density of 1 A/g.
10. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode comprise the poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material on an aluminum foil, and the capacitor has a specific capacitance of 175 to 180 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g.
11. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode comprise the poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material on an aluminum foil and the capacitor has a specific capacitance of 170 to 175 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g.
12. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode comprise the poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material on an aluminum foil and the capacitor has an energy density of 40 to 50 Wh/kg at a power density of 410 W/kg.
13. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode comprise the poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material on an aluminum foil and the capacitor has an energy density of 40 to 50 Wh/kg at a power density of 350 W/kg.
14. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is a spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrolidinium tetrafluoroborate in a propylene carbonate.
15. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the separator is a trilayered microporous membrane of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polypropylene.
16. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode further comprises carbon black, a styrene butadiene, and a carboxymethyl cellulose.
17. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode is made by a process, comprising:
mixing the carbon material, carbon black, styrene butadiene, and carboxymethyl cellulose in water to form a paste,
wherein the carbon material is in an amount of 65 to 75 percent by weight, the carbon black is in an amount of 15 to 25 percent by weight, the styrene butadiene is in an amount of 2 to 8 percent by weight, and the carboxymethyl cellulose is in an amount of 5 to 15 percent by weight,
casting the paste on the substrate,
wherein the substrate is an aluminum foil to form the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
18. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode have a longest dimension of 10 to 12 mm.
19. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the poly-anthraquinone sulfide activated carbon material is in the form of layered nanosheets having pores with an average diameter of 0.5 to 1.5 μm.
20. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the poly-anthraquinone sulfide reduced activated carbon material is in the form of layered nanosheets having pores with an average diameter of 0.2 to 0.8 μm.