Formulation for inhibiting water permeation in an extraction well of a hydrocarbon fluid from an underground reservoir
A treatment fluid may be suitable for a hydrocarbon fluid extraction well. Such a treatment fluid may include a water-in-oil emulsion. The water-in-oil emulsion may include: an oily continuous phase; and an aqueous discontinuous phase comprising water and a plurality of particles comprising a hydrogel comprising a cationic polymer. The cationic polymer may include, in polymerized form, a monomer with one or more cationic groups. The cationic group may be a —N + —R 1 R 2 R 3 group, wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 , are independently H or a C 1 to C 4 alkyl group.
1. A treatment fluid suitable for a hydrocarbon fluid extraction well, the treatment fluid comprising a water-in-oil emulsion comprising:
an oily continuous phase; and
an aqueous discontinuous phase comprising water and a plurality of particles comprising a hydrogel comprising a cationic polymer,
wherein the cationic polymer comprises no anionic unit, and
wherein the cationic polymer comprises, in polymerized form, (1) a first monomer comprising a cationic group and (2) a second monomer comprising an ethylenic unsaturation and a polyoxyethylene chain.
2. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic group is a —N + —R 1 R 2 R 3 group, wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 , are independently H or a C 1 to C 4 alkyl group.
3. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic group is a —N + —R 1 R 2 R 3 group, wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 , are the same.
4. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic group is a —N + —R 1 R 2 R 3 group, wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 , are different, are H or a C 1 to C 4 alkyl group.
5. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic group is a —N + —R 1 R 2 R 3 group, wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 , is H.
6. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic group is a —N + —R 1 R 2 R 3 group, wherein at least two of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 , is H.
7. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic group is a —N + —R 1 R 2 R 3 group, wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 , is a C 1 to C 4 alkyl group.
8. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic group is a —N + —R 1 R 2 R 3 group, wherein at least two of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 , are a C 1 to C 4 alkyl group.
9. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer comprises, in polymerized form, a halogen salt of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium, halogen salt of 2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium, or a mixture thereof.
10. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer comprises, in polymerized form, a halogen salt of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium.
11. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer comprises, in polymerized form, a halogen salt of 2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium.
12. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer comprises, in polymerized form, a halogen salt of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium and a halogen salt of 2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium.
13. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein a weight ratio of total cross-linking agent, if present, to total cationic monomers in the cationic polymer is in a range from 0.1 to 5%.
14. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein a weight ratio of total cross-linking agent, if present, to total cationic monomers in the cationic polymer is in a range from 0.2 to 1.0%.
15. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein particles of the hydrogel have an average diameter in a range of from 10 to 500 nm.
16. The treatment fluid of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer comprises no unsubstituted acrylamide and no unsubstituted methacrylamide, in polymerized form.
17. A process for preparing the treatment fluid of claim 1 , the process comprising, sequentially:
emulsifying the aqueous discontinuous phase, comprising water, (1) the first monomer, and (2) the second monomer, in the oily continuous phase, comprising an oily fluid, in the presence of at least one surfactant and at least one radical polymerization initiator forming free radicals to polymerize the first monomer and the second monomer,
wherein the water-in-oil emulsion is obtained comprising (i) the oily continuous phase and the (ii) aqueous discontinuous phase comprising water and a plurality of particles comprising a hydrogel comprising the cationic polymer comprising, in polymerized form, (1) the first monomer and (2) the second monomer.
18. The process of claim 17 , wherein the cationic polymer comprises, in polymerized form, a halogen salt of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium, halogen salt of 2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium, or a mixture thereof.
19. The process of claim 17 , wherein the initiator is a thermally-activable initiator, and
wherein the emulsifying is carried out with a mechanical stirrer at a temperature equal to or higher than the activation temperature of the thermally-activable initiator.
20. The process of claim 17 , wherein the initiator comprises a redox initiator pair comprising an oxidant initiator and a reducing initiator, one of the oxidant initiator and the reducing initiator being incorporated in one of the oily continuous phase and the aqueous discontinuous phase, the other of the oxidant initiator and the reducing initiator being added to the water-in-oil emulsion during the emulsifying, and
wherein the emulsifying is carried out by ultrasound.