System and method for cleaning of biogas
An improved process for removing acid gases from raw biogas streams, such as biogas from landfills or biogas from controlled anaerobic digestion, provides for efficient H 2 S removal combined with carbon dioxide removal. The biogas is treated in a biological hydrogen sulfide removal system integrated with a membrane gas separation system. The combined system provides for efficient acid gas removal while simultaneously limiting oxygen carryover into the treated product stream by beneficially utilizing oxygen in the biological desulfurization system.
1. A process for removing acid gases from a raw biogas feed stream comprised of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen sulfide, said process comprising the steps of:
(i) passing a combined feed gas stream comprised of the raw biogas feed stream and a recycled permeate gas stream generated by a membrane separation unit through a biological hydrogen sulfide removal system at substantially atmospheric pressure, thus generating a first effluent stream with reduced hydrogen sulfide and oxygen content as compared to the combined feed gas stream;
(ii) compressing the first effluent stream in a compressor to a pressure from 6 to 25 barg, thereby forming a second effluent stream;
(iii) passing the second effluent stream into a first membrane separation unit, wherein a first membrane removes a portion of oxygen and carbon dioxide from the second effluent stream, thereby forming a retentate third effluent stream having a reduced content of carbon dioxide as compared to the second effluent stream and a permeate fourth effluent stream enriched in oxygen and carbon dioxide as compared to the second effluent stream;
(iv) passing the third effluent stream to a second membrane separation unit, wherein a second membrane removes a portion of carbon dioxide and oxygen from the third effluent stream, thereby forming a retentate fifth effluent stream having a lower carbon dioxide and oxygen content as compared to the third effluent stream and a permeate sixth effluent stream enriched in carbon dioxide and oxygen content as compared to the third effluent stream;
(v) wherein the sixth effluent stream comprises the recycled permeate gas stream combined with the raw biogas feed stream in step (i); and
(vi) collecting the fifth effluent stream generated by the second membrane separation unit as a product, wherein the fifth effluent stream has an increased methane content and reduced hydrogen sulfide, oxygen and carbon dioxide content as compared to the raw biogas feed stream,
wherein the first membrane in the first membrane separation unit is a polymeric membrane with an oxygen/methane separation factor of 4 or above and a carbon dioxide/methane separation factor of 25 or above and the second membrane in the second membrane separation unit is a polymeric membrane with an oxygen/methane separation factor of 5 or above and a carbon dioxide/methane separation factor of 25 or above.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first effluent stream and the second effluent stream is treated in an adsorption unit to remove additional hydrogen sulfide not removed in the biological hydrogen sulfide removal system.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein a supplemental oxygen-containing gas is injected into the biological hydrogen sulfide removal system to facilitate hydrogen sulfide removal.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the first membrane in the first membrane separation unit is a polymeric membrane with an oxygen/methane separation factor of 6 or above and a carbon dioxide/methane separation factor of 40 or above and the second membrane in the second membrane separation unit is a polymeric membrane with an oxygen/methane separation factor of 5 or above and a carbon dioxide/methane separation factor of 25 or above.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the fifth effluent stream is treated in a deoxygenation unit followed by aftercooling and dehydration.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein the fifth effluent stream is treated in a nitrogen rejection unit.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein the first membrane separation unit and the second membrane separation unit have different gas processing capacities as compared to one another.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein an oxygen concentration in the raw biogas feed is below 5% by volume, a carbon dioxide concentration in the raw biogas feed is above 25 volumetric percent and a hydrogen sulfide concentration in the raw biogas feed is from 100 to 30,000 ppmv.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the first effluent stream is treated to reduce water vapor concentration prior to or following compression.
10. An apparatus for the purification of a raw biogas stream comprised of methane, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide, said apparatus comprising:
(i) a biological hydrogen sulfide removal unit that treats a combined feed gas stream comprised of the raw biogas stream combined with at least one recycled permeate gas stream, thus forming a first effluent stream;
(ii) a compressor that receives the first effluent stream and compresses the first effluent stream to a pressure from 6 to 25 barg, thereby forming a second effluent stream;
(iii) a first membrane separation unit that receives the second effluent stream, the first membrane separation unit comprising a first membrane that removes a portion of carbon dioxide and oxygen from the second effluent stream, thereby forming a retentate third effluent stream having a lower carbon dioxide content as compared to the second effluent stream and a permeate fourth effluent stream enriched in carbon dioxide and oxygen as compared to the second effluent stream;
(iv) a second membrane separation unit that receives the third effluent stream, the second membrane separation unit comprising a second membrane that removes a portion of carbon dioxide from the third effluent stream, thereby forming a retentate fifth effluent stream having a lower carbon dioxide and oxygen content as compared to the third effluent stream and a permeate sixth effluent stream enriched in carbon dioxide and oxygen content as compared to the third effluent stream;
(v) wherein the sixth effluent stream is recycled and comprises the recycled permeate gas stream combined with the raw biogas stream to define the feed gas stream treated by the biological hydrogen sulfide removal unit; and
(vi) wherein the fifth effluent stream generated by the second membrane separation unit is collected as a product wherein the fifth effluent stream has an increased methane content and reduced hydrogen sulfide, oxygen and carbon dioxide content as compared to the raw biogas feed stream,
wherein the first membrane in the first membrane separation unit is a polymeric membrane with an oxygen/methane separation factor of 4 or above and a carbon dioxide/methane separation factor of 25 or above and the second membrane in the second membrane separation unit is a polymeric membrane with an oxygen/methane separation factor of 5 or above and a carbon dioxide/methane separation factor of 25 or above.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising an adsorption unit that treats at least one of the first effluent stream and the second effluent stream to remove additional hydrogen sulfide not removed in the biological hydrogen sulfide removal system.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a source of supplemental oxygen-containing gas that is injected into the biological hydrogen sulfide removal system to facilitate hydrogen sulfide removal.
13. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the first membrane in the first membrane separation unit is a polymeric membrane with an oxygen/methane separation factor of 6 or above and a carbon dioxide/methane separation factor of 40 or above and the second membrane in the second membrane separation unit is a polymeric membrane with an oxygen/methane separation factor of 5 or above and a carbon dioxide/methane separation factor of 25 or above.
14. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a deoxygenation unit followed by aftercooling and dehydration units that remove oxygen from the fifth effluent stream.
15. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a nitrogen rejection unit that treats the fifth effluent stream.
16. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the first membrane separation unit and the second membrane separation unit have different gas processing capacities as compared to one another.
17. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein an oxygen concentration in the raw biogas feed is below 5% by volume, a carbon dioxide concentration in the raw biogas feed is above 25 volumetric percent and a hydrogen sulfide concentration in the raw biogas feed is from 100 to 30,000 ppmv.
18. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising aftercooling and condensate removal units that reduce water vapor concentration in the first effluent stream prior to or following compression.