4-stage membrane process with sweep for biogas upgrading
Disclosed herein are membrane-based gas separation methods and systems. The methods and systems may, in particular, be used for separating a feed stream comprising methane and carbon dioxide (such as for example a biogas feed stream) in order to provide a methane product stream (such as for example a biomethane stream).
1 . A membrane-based gas separation method, the method comprising:
(a) introducing a feed stream, comprising a first component and a second component, into a first membrane stage comprising a first gas separation membrane that is more permeable to the second component than the first component, the first gas separation membrane separating the feed stream to form a first retentate stream and a first permeate stream that are each withdrawn from the first membrane stage, the first retentate stream being enriched in the first component and the first permeate stream being enriched in the second component;
(b) introducing the first retentate stream into a second membrane stage comprising a second gas separation membrane that is more permeable to the second component than the first component, the second gas separation membrane separating the first retentate stream to form a second retentate stream and a second permeate stream that are each withdrawn from the second membrane stage, the second retentate stream being further enriched in the first component;
(c) introducing the first permeate stream into a third membrane stage comprising a third gas separation membrane that is more permeable to the second component than the first component, the third gas separation membrane separating the first permeate stream to form a third retentate stream and a third permeate stream that are each withdrawn from the third membrane stage, the third permeate stream being further enriched in the second component;
(d) introducing the third retentate stream into a fourth membrane stage comprising a fourth gas separation membrane that is more permeable to the second component than the first component, the fourth gas separation membrane separating the third retentate stream to form a fourth retentate stream and fourth permeate stream that are each withdrawn from the fourth membrane stage;
(e) introducing the fourth retentate stream as a sweep gas into the second membrane stage; and
(f) recycling the second permeate stream and the fourth permeate stream into the feed stream.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first component is methane and the second component is carbon dioxide.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the feed stream is a biogas feed stream.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second retentate stream forms a product stream comprising the first component.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the third permeate stream forms a product stream comprising the second component.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the fourth retentate stream is withdrawn from the fourth membrane stage at a first pressure and is introduced as sweep gas into the second membrane stage at a second pressure that is lower than the first pressure.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the fourth retentate stream is reduced in pressure from the first pressure to the second pressure by passing the fourth retentate stream through a pressure control valve that maintains the fourth retentate stream at the first pressure upstream of the valve.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the feed stream is compressed prior to being introduced into the first membrane stage.
9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the second permeate stream is recycled into the feed stream upstream of the compressor or between stages of the compressor, and/or wherein the fourth permeate stream is recycled into the feed stream upstream of the compressor or between stages of the compressor.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the third permeate stream is withdrawn from the third membrane stage at a sub-atmospheric pressure.
11 . A membrane-based gas separation system, the system comprising:
a first membrane stage for receiving a feed stream comprising a first component and a second component, the first membrane stage comprising a first gas separation membrane that is more permeable to the second component than the first component and that is configured to separate the feed stream to form a first retentate stream and a first permeate stream that are each withdrawn from the first membrane stage with the first retentate stream being enriched in the first component and the first permeate stream being enriched in the second component;
a second membrane stage in fluid flow communication with the first membrane stage for receiving the first retentate stream from the first membrane stage, the second membrane stage comprising a second gas separation membrane that is more permeable to the second component than the first component and that is configured to separate the first retentate stream to form a second retentate stream and a second permeate stream that are each withdrawn from the second membrane stage with the second retentate stream being further enriched in the first component;
a third membrane stage in fluid flow communication with the first membrane stage for receiving the first permeate stream from the first membrane stage, the third membrane stage comprising a third gas separation membrane that is more permeable to the second component than the first component and that is configured to separate the first permeate stream to form a third retentate stream and a third permeate stream that are each withdrawn from the third membrane stage with the third permeate stream being further enriched in the second component;
a fourth membrane stage in fluid flow communication with the third membrane stage for receiving the third retentate stream from the third membrane stage, the fourth membrane stage comprising a fourth gas separation membrane that is more permeable to the second component than the first component and that is configured to separate the third retentate stream to form a fourth retentate stream and fourth permeate stream that are each withdrawn from the fourth membrane stage;
wherein the system is configured such that the fourth membrane stage is also in fluid flow communication with the second membrane stage such that the fourth retentate stream from the fourth membrane stage is introduced as a sweep gas into the second membrane stage; and
wherein the system is configured such that the second permeate stream and the fourth permeate stream are recycled into the feed stream.
12 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the first component is methane and the second component is carbon dioxide.
13 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the feed stream is a biogas feed stream.
14 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the system is configured such that the second retentate stream is withdrawn from the system as a product stream comprising the first component.
15 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the system is configured such that the third permeate stream is withdrawn from the system as a product stream comprising the second component.
16 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the system is configured such that the fourth retentate stream is withdrawn from the fourth membrane stage at a first pressure and is introduced as sweep gas into the second membrane stage at a second pressure that is lower than the first pressure.
17 . The system of claim 16 , wherein the system further comprises a pressure control valve through which the fourth retentate stream is passed and reduced in pressure from the first pressure to the second pressure, the pressure control valve being configured to maintain the fourth retentate stream at the first pressure upstream of the valve.
18 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the system further comprises a compressor configured to compress the feed stream prior to said stream being introduced into the first membrane stage.
19 . The system of claim 18 , wherein the system is configured such that the second permeate stream is recycled into the feed stream upstream of the compressor or between stages of the compressor, and/or such that the fourth permeate stream is recycled into the feed stream upstream of the compressor or between stages of the compressor.
20 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the system further comprises a vacuum pump configured to withdraw the third permeate stream from the third membrane stage at a sub-atmospheric pressure.