Hybrid solar thermal and chemical vehicle configurations for space mining applications
Solar thermal and chemical hybrid rocket configurations for mining and other space applications are disclosed. One aspect is a rocket propulsion system configured to provide rocket thrust, including a solar absorber, a rocket nozzle, and a solar power collection system configured to collect solar energy from the sun, generate an energy beam from the collected sunlight, heat the solar absorber to transfer heat to one or more pressurized propulsive gases, and expel the heated pressurized propulsive gases through a rocket nozzle. A solar absorber can be formed from a granular collection or agglomeration of solids (e.g., of beads), which can be layered with more transparent layer(s) above and more absorbing layer(s) below to create a temperature profile in propellant(s) flowing through the absorber. A hybrid motor can provide an energy (e.g., solar) absorber for absorbing and transferring radiative energy as well as a combustion area. Multiple propellants can be present in a single chamber and be forced from a nozzle to produce thrust. Pressure in a rocket can be achieved from heating inert gasses, and alternatively or simultaneously, from mixing and igniting non-inert gasses.
1. A rocket propulsion system configured to provide rocket thrust, comprising:
a wall generally enclosing a rocket chamber;
a solar absorber material positioned within the rocket chamber;
a rocket nozzle;
a solar power collection system comprising a plurality of transparent windows including a first transparent window configured to allow one or more propulsive gases to pass therethrough and a second transparent window, each of the plurality of transparent windows formed of a solid transparent material, the solar power collection system configured to:
collect solar energy from the sun,
generate a solar energy beam by focusing the collected solar energy with at least the second transparent window,
heat the solar absorber material with the solar energy beam to transfer heat to the one or more pressurized propulsive gases, and
expel the heated pressurized propulsive gases through the rocket nozzle;
a pressurized gas inlet configured to introduce the one or more propulsive gases into a first plenum chamber formed between the between the first and second transparent windows;
a manifold configured to mix combustible materials; and
an igniter configured to ignite combustion in the combustible materials;
the wall of the rocket chamber generally forms a frustoconical portion surrounding a propellant exit configured to allow the heated pressurized propulsive gases and byproducts from the combustion of the combustible materials to exit to the rocket nozzle.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the one or more pressurized propulsive gases are configured to:
react chemically to produce heat,
receive heat from the solar absorber material, and/or
exit the rocket nozzle to produce thrust.
3. The system of claim 2 wherein the rocket propulsion system further comprises:
a body enclosing the solar absorber,
wherein the second transparent window is configured to provide a pressure seal against the body and provide a controlled amount of focusing of the solar energy beam to the solar absorber.
4. The system of claim 3 wherein the plurality of transparent windows comprise:
a third transparent window arranged within the body and spaced away from the first and second windows, wherein a second plenum chamber is formed between the first and third windows, and
wherein the first plenum chamber is configured to receive a first propulsion gas injected therein, and the second plenum chamber is configured to receive a second propulsion gas injected therein.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein the first transparent window has an array of hollow tubes formed therein and configured to allow the first propulsion gas to flow out of the first plenum chamber passing through the first transparent window, passing through the second plenum chamber, and passing through the third transparent window, into the rocket chamber, and
wherein the propulsive gas flowing through the array of hollow tubes produces a substantially turbulence-free protective gas barrier near an output surface of the third transparent window.
6. The system of claim 5 wherein the third transparent window includes:
a first array of through-holes which allow passage of the hollow tubes without substantial gas leakage around the outer surfaces of the hollow tubes, and
a second array of through-holes which allow passage of the second propulsive gas from the second plenum chamber through the third transparent window into the pressure chamber formed in the body and containing the solar absorber,
wherein the propulsive gas flowing through the array of first and second arrays of through-holes produces a substantially turbulence-free protective gas barrier near an output surface of the third transparent window, where the propulsion chamber includes an electrical igniter to initiate chemical combustion in a mixture of chemically reactive propulsion gases.
7. The system of claim 2 where the propulsive gases include rocket propellant and oxidizer gases mixed with chemically inert gases.
8. The system of claim 2 where the solar energy and chemical combustion energy are employed simultaneously to heat propulsive gases.
9. The system of claim 2 where the rocket propulsion system is configured to transition from completely chemical combustion heating to combined solar-thermal plus chemical combustion to completely solar thermal heating without interrupting thrust.
10. The system of claim 2 where the solar absorber comprises an agglomeration of granules having intervening flow spaces.
11. The rocket propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the rocket chamber comprises:
a pressurized rocket body, wherein the plurality of transparent windows are further configured to admit the solar energy beam into the pressurized rocket body, the solar absorber material located within the rocket body; and
a combustion chamber configured to receive the heated pressurized propulsive gases;
wherein the rocket propulsion system further comprises:
a first injector tube configured to inject a gaseous combustible rocket propellant into the combustion chamber; and
a second injector tube configured to inject a gaseous oxidizer into the combustion chamber
wherein the rocket nozzle is configured to: expel any combustion gasses that may have resulted from igniting the gaseous combustible rocket propellant and the gaseous oxidizer in the combustion chamber to produce the rocket thrust.
12. The rocket propulsion system of claim 11 , wherein the rocket propulsion system is configured to operate in:
a solar mode by producing the rocket thrust by heating the pressurized propulsive gases using the concentrated solar energy without combusting the gaseous combustible rocket propellant and the gaseous oxidizer, a combustion mode by producing the rocket thrust via combustion of gaseous combustible rocket propellant and the gaseous oxidizer in exothermic chemical reactions, and a combined mode by producing the rocket thrust via a simultaneous combination of heating the pressurized gaseous propulsion fluid using the concentrated solar energy and combustion of gaseous combustible rocket propellant and the gaseous oxidizer in exothermic chemical reactions.
13. The rocket propulsion system of claim 11 , wherein:
the first injector tube forms a first spiral tube in the combustion chamber,
the second injector tube forms a second spiral tube in the combustion chamber, and
the first and second spiral tubes are interleaved and thereby distribute and mix the gaseous combustible rocket propellant and the gaseous oxidizer in the combustion chamber, wherein the first and second spiral tubes are spaced apart to allow the heated pressurized gaseous propulsion fluid to pass between them toward a nozzle opening from the combustion chamber.
14. The rocket propulsion system of claim 11 , further comprising a cooling structure in thermal contact with the rocket body, the cooling structure configured to direct cooling fluid to absorb heat energy through thermal conduction as the cooling fluid flows therethrough, wherein the rocket body containing the heated pressurized propulsive gases is surrounded by a rigid pressurized shell spaced apart from the rocket body with a plurality of separator coils formed between the rigid pressurized shell and the rocket body.
15. The rocket propulsion system of claim 14 , further comprising:
a third injector tube configured to inject a gaseous fluid into passages defined by spaces between the separator coils, wherein the separator coils are configured to heat or cool the injected fluid and the rocket body.
16. The rocket propulsion system of claim 14 , wherein:
the rigid pressurized shell is configured to be detached and reattached from the rocket body to allow the separator coils to be replaced, and
the separator coils are selected to provide cooling or heating based on a specific type of the gaseous rocket propellant.
17. A hybrid rocket motor configured for multiple energy modes within a single rocket chamber immediately upstream from a nozzle, the motor comprising:
a wall generally enclosing a hybrid rocket chamber;
a first window forming part of the wall, the window configured to allow radiation to enter while helping contain heat energy;
a second window spaced apart from the first window and configured to allow propellant to pass therethrough;
a thermal mass positioned to absorb radiation after entry through the window;
a pressurized gas inlet configured to introduce gas into the chamber such that the gas is heated by contact with the thermal mass;
a manifold configured to mix combustible materials; and
an igniter configured to ignite combustion in the combustible materials;
the wall of the rocket chamber generally forming a frustoconical portion surrounding a propellant exit configured to allow pressurized gas and combustion byproducts to exit to the nozzle.
18. The rocket motor of claim 17 , further comprising:
two additional pressurized gas inlets configured to introduce gas into the chamber,
wherein the pressurized gas inlets are configured to introduce at least three propellant types into the chamber, the propellant types including: an inert gas and two volatile gasses when mixed in the chamber.
19. The rocket motor of claim 17 , wherein the manifold comprises a plurality of interspersed openings configured to distribute the combustible materials within the chamber such that the combustible materials are substantially uniformly mixed, wherein the thermal mass comprises a plurality of openings configured to allow the combustible materials to pass through the thermal mass, thereby allowing heat conduction between the thermal mass and the combustible materials.
20. The rocket motor of claim 17 , wherein the chamber comprises a combustion region in which the igniter is configured to ignite the combustion in the combustible materials, the combustion region is located adjacent to the thermal mass such that the combustion of the combustible materials provides heat to the thermal mass, thereby providing the thermal mass with additional energy for conductive heating.
21. The rocket motor of claim 17 , wherein the first window is further configured to focus solar energy onto the thermal mass upstream of a combustion region within the chamber.
22. The rocket motor of claim 17 , wherein the thermal mass comprises aggregate material sintered or confined together to create thermal contact and permitting fluid flow through open passages therein, the thermal mass configured for greater transparency to the solar energy in an upper layer and greater absorbance of the solar energy in a lower layer.
23. The rocket motor of claim 17 , wherein the chamber comprises a plurality of zones of energy which increase as a distance between the zones and the nozzle decreases.
24. The rocket motor of claim 17 , wherein the second window is arranged between the first window and the thermal mass and forms a plenum between the first window and the second window, the second window having a plurality of openings therein, the rocket motor further comprising:
a second inlet configured to introduce a second gas into the plenum, the second gas being cleaner than the gas introduced via the pressurized gas inlet; and
a pump configured to use solar energy to pump the gas into and through the pressurized gas inlet into the chamber,
wherein the openings in the second window are configured to allow the second gas to displace less clean material from within a predetermined distance of the second window, thereby deterring material build-up.
25. The rocket propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the rocket chamber comprises:
a pressurized rocket body, the plurality of transparent windows configured to admit the solar energy beam into the pressurized rocket body, the solar absorber material configured to: establish a thermal profile to heat the pressurized propulsive gases such that the heat of the pressurized propulsive gases increases as they pass through the solar absorber material; and
a combustion chamber configured to: receive the pressurized propulsive gases, and expel the pressurized propulsive gases through the rocket nozzle to produce rocket thrust.
26. The rocket propulsion system of claim 25 , further comprising:
at least one injector configured to separately inject a gaseous combustible rocket fuel and a gaseous oxidizer into the combustion chamber; and
an igniter configured to ignite the gaseous combustible rocket fuel and the gaseous oxidizer within the combustion chamber to produce pressurized combustion gases,
wherein the combustion chamber is further configured to expel the pressurized combustion gases through the rocket nozzle to produce rocket thrust, wherein the at least one injector is further configured to inject the propellant simultaneous with the gaseous combustible rocket fuel and the gaseous oxidizer, and wherein the solar absorber comprises a plurality of beads.
27. The rocket propulsion system of claim 26 wherein the beads are arranged in layers to establish the thermal profile, with beads having similar absorption properties grouped at successive levels within the solar absorber.
28. The rocket propulsion system of claim 26 wherein the beads are made from refractory materials in a plurality of shapes, sizes, colors, and/or optical transparencies, and the beads are configured to establish the thermal profile by allowing solar energy to penetrate through at least some surface portions of the solar absorber, reducing heat of the surface portions, and be absorbed by deeper portions thereof, increasing heat of the deeper portions.
29. The rocket propulsion system of claim 26 wherein a number and type of the beads are chosen and assembled into a volume designed to absorb substantially a total input energy of the solar energy beam commensurate with a rocket of a predetermined power level.
30. The rocket propulsion system of claim 26 where a portion of the beads are formed from and/or coated with a catalytic material to promote a controlled exothermic dissociation of a monopropellant propulsion gas into one or more lower atomic weight gases.
31. The system of claim 1 wherein the solid materials of the plurality of transparent windows have an index of refraction that affects an amount of focusing of the solar energy beam.