Polar fluid gated field effect devices
Disclosed herein are nanoscale field effect transistors (NFETs), e.g., graphene based field effect transistors (GFETs), that do not have physical gates. Instead, they are gated by polar fluids. Systems and methods using such transistors are also disclosed.
1. A biosensing system comprising:
a sensor comprising:
a multi-terminal structure on a substrate, wherein the multi-terminal structure comprises a nanoscale material layer arranged on the substrate as a channel connecting at least two terminals of the multi-terminal structure,
wherein a polar fluid induced gate terminal is created when a polar fluid interacts with a surface of the channel, and wherein a gate voltage is induced by the polar fluid thereby transforming the multi-terminal structure into an active device, wherein the biosensing system is wearable, wherein the nanoscale material layer is configured to be in proximity to a subject, and wherein the polar fluid comprises a fluid released from the subject; and
a detector comprising:
a digital platform configured to receive a voltage output or a current output from the multi-terminal structure, wherein the voltage output or the current output is associated with a concentration of one more target analytes in the polar fluid.
2. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the at least two terminals comprises at least one source terminal and at least one drain terminal.
3. The biosensing system of claim 2 , wherein the channel is formed connecting between the at least one source terminal and the at least one drain terminal.
4. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the polar fluid is externally introduced onto the channel as a droplet.
5. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the polar fluid is externally introduced onto the channel when the multi-terminal structure comes into contact with a volume of the polar fluid or is immersed in the volume of the polar fluid or both.
6. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the multi-terminal structure does not comprise or require a permanent physical gate terminal to be formed on the substrate.
7. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the gate voltage is associated with a concentration of charged particles within the polar fluid.
8. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the polar fluid and the channel collectively function as the polar fluid induced gate terminal in the multi-terminal structure.
9. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the polar fluid induced gate terminal is transient and active only when the polar fluid is externally introduced onto the channel.
10. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the multi-terminal structure is not capable of functioning as the active device when the polar fluid is removed from the channel.
11. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the channel is electrically conductive, and chemically or biologically sensitive or both chemically and biologically sensitive.
12. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the nanoscale material layer is grown epitaxially and transferred onto the substrate using wet or dry deposition methods.
13. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the nanoscale material comprises graphene, CNTs, MoS 2 , boron nitride, metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, nanoparticles, quantum dots, fullerene, 2D nanoscale material, 3D nanoscale material, 0D nanoscale material, 1D nanoscale material, or any combination thereof.
14. The biosensing system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a receptor layer coupled to the nanoscale material layer, wherein the receptor layer comprises one or more receptors configured to target one or more target analytes in the polar fluid.
15. The biosensing system of claim 14 , wherein the one or more receptors comprises pyrene boronic acid (PBA), pyrene N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Pyrene-NHS), organic chemicals, aromatic molecules, cyclic molecules, enzymes, proteins, antibodies, viruses, single stranded DNAs (ssDNAs), aptamers, inorganic materials, synthetic molecules, or biological molecules.
16. The biosensing system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a back polymer layer coupled to the nanoscale material layer, wherein the back polymer layer is configured to provide support for additional mechanical, electrical, chemical, biological functionality, or combinations thereof.
17. The biosensing system of claim 16 , wherein the back polymer layer comprises carbon polymers, bio polymers, PMMA, PDMS, flexible glass, nanoscale materials, silica gel, silicone, inks, printed polymers, or any combination thereof.
18. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises polyimide, flexible printed circuits (FPC), polyamide, polyurethane, PET, PDMS, PMMA, silicon dioxide, silicon, glass, aluminum oxide, sapphire, germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, an alloy of silicon and germanium, fabrics, textiles, silk, paper, cellulose based materials, or any combination thereof.
19. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is made of an electrically insulating material.
20. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the nanoscale material layer is configured to contact a skin of a subject, and wherein the fluid released from the subject comprises a fluid released from the skin of the subject.
21. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the polar fluid comprises a solution or a gas comprising containing polar molecules.
22. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the polar fluid comprises sweat, breath, saliva, earwax, urine, semen, blood plasma, a bio-fluid, a chemical fluid, an air sample, a gas sample, or a combination thereof.
23. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the polar fluid comprises one or more target analytes comprising an electrolyte, glucose, lactic acid, IL6, a cytokine, HER2, cortisol, ZAG, cholesterol, vitamins, a protein, a drug molecule, a metabolite, a peptide, an amino acid, a DNA, an RNA, an aptamer, an enzyme, a biomolecule, a chemical molecule, a synthetic molecule, or combinations thereof.
24. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the digital platform is configured to receive the voltage output or the current output through a wired or a wireless transmission.
25. The biosensing system of claim 1 , wherein the digital platform comprises one or more of a smart phone, a tablet computer, a smart watch, an in-car entertainment system, a laptop computer, desktop computers, a computer terminal, a television system, a wearable device, or an e-book reader.