Velocity matched electro-optic devices
A velocity mismatch between optical signals and microwave electrical signals in electro-optic devices, such as modulators, may be compensated by utilizing different lengths of bends in the optical waveguides as compared to the microwave electrodes to match the velocity of the microwave signal propagating along the coplanar waveguide to the velocity of the optical signal. To ensure the electrode bends do not affect the light in the optical waveguide bends, the electrode may have to be rerouted, e.g. above or below, the optical waveguide layer. To ensure that the pair of optical waveguides have the same optical length, a waveguide crossing may be used to cross the first waveguide through the second waveguide.
1. An electro-optic device comprising:
a first waveguide, a first optical signal propagating in the first waveguide having an optical signal velocity, the first waveguide including lithium; and
a first electrode, the first electrode carrying an electrical signal having an electrical signal velocity different from the optical signal velocity;
wherein the first waveguide has a first length, and the first electrode has a second length, the first length and the second length having a difference in length, the difference in length at least partially compensating for a mismatch between the electrical signal velocity and the optical signal velocity; and
wherein the first waveguide crosses a second waveguide at an intersection, the first waveguide and the second waveguide being configured such that crosstalk between the first waveguide and the second waveguide for the intersection is less than negative fifty dB.
2. The electro-optic device of claim 1 , wherein the first waveguide includes a first straight waveguide section and a first bend waveguide section;
wherein the first electrode includes a first straight electrode section and a first bend electrode section; and
wherein the first bend waveguide section has a first bend length, and the first bend electrode section has a second bend length, the first bend length and the second bend length having at least a portion of the difference in length.
3. The electro-optic device of claim 2 , further comprising:
a first splitter for splitting an input optical signal into the first optical signal and a second optical signal; and
wherein the second waveguide includes a second straight waveguide section and a second bend waveguide section configured to propagate the second optical signal at the optical signal velocity.
4. The electro-optic device of claim 3 , further wherein the intersection is at the first bend waveguide section and the second bend waveguide section such that an electric field extending from the first electrode is in a same direction relative to an optical axis of the first waveguide along both the first straight waveguide section and the second straight waveguide section.
5. The electro-optic device of claim 3 , wherein the first bend waveguide section includes a first bend radius;
wherein the second bend waveguide section includes a second bend radius; and
wherein the first bend radius is different than the second bend radius such that a first optical path length of the first waveguide is equalized with a second optical path length of the second waveguide.
6. The electro-optic device of claim 2 , wherein the intersection includes a first expanding section for expanding a first width of the first waveguide, a first straight intersection section for intersecting the second waveguide, and a first tapering section for tapering the first width of the first waveguide; and
a second expanding section for expanding a second width of the second waveguide, a second straight intersection section for intersecting the first waveguide, and a second tapering section for tapering the second width of the second waveguide.
7. The electro-optic device of claim 6 , wherein the first expanding section expands the first width of the first waveguide by a factor of at least 1.2 and not more than 4.
8. The electro-optic device of claim 2 , wherein the first waveguide has a first direction of transmission of the first optical signal in the intersection, the second waveguide has a second direction of transmission of a second optical signal in the intersection; and
wherein the first direction is perpendicular to the second direction.
9. The electro-optic device of claim 1 , wherein the first waveguide crosses the second waveguide at the intersection, the first waveguide and the second waveguide being configured such that an insertion loss for the first optical signal in the intersection is less than 0.1 dB.
10. An electro-optic device comprising:
a first splitter for splitting a waveguide into a first waveguide and a second waveguide, the waveguide receiving an input optical signal, the first waveguide transmitting a first optical signal, the second waveguide transmitting a second optical signal;
the first waveguide including a first straight waveguide section and a first bend waveguide section having a first bend radius, the first optical signal propagating in the first waveguide having an optical signal velocity, the first waveguide including lithium;
a first electrode including a first straight electrode section and a first bend electrode section, the first electrode carrying an electrical signal having an electrical signal velocity different from the optical signal velocity; and
the second waveguide including a second straight waveguide section and a second bend waveguide section configured to propagate the second optical signal at the optical signal velocity;
wherein the first waveguide has a first length, and the first electrode section has a second length, the first length and the second length having a difference in length, the difference in length compensating for a mismatch between the electrical signal velocity and the optical signal velocity;
wherein the second bend waveguide section includes a second bend radius, the first bend radius being different than the second bend radius such that a first optical path length of the first waveguide is equalized with a second optical path length of the second waveguide; and
wherein the first waveguide and the second waveguide cross at an intersection and are configured such that crosstalk between the first waveguide and the second waveguide for the intersection is less than negative fifty dB.
11. The electro-optic device of claim 10 , wherein the first waveguide and the second waveguide are configured such that an insertion loss for the first optical signal in the intersection is less than 0.1 dB.
12. A method comprising:
providing a first optical signal to a first waveguide, the first optical signal propagating in the first waveguide having an optical signal velocity, the first waveguide including lithium; and
driving an electrical signal through a first electrode the first electrode carrying the electrical signal, the electrical signal having an electrical signal velocity different from the optical signal velocity;
wherein the first waveguide has a first length, and the first electrode has a second length, the first length and the second length having a difference in length, the difference in length compensating for a mismatch between the electrical signal velocity and the optical signal velocity; and
the first waveguide crosses a second waveguide at an intersection, the first waveguide and the second waveguide being configured such that crosstalk between the first waveguide and the second waveguide for the intersection is less than negative fifty dB.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first waveguide includes a first straight waveguide section and a first bend waveguide section; and
wherein the first electrode includes a first straight electrode section and a first bend electrode section;
wherein the first bend waveguide section has a first bend length, and the first bend electrode section has a second bend length, the first bend length and the second bend length having at least a portion of the difference in length.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the providing the first optical signal includes providing an optical signal to a first splitter, the first splitter for splitting the optical signal into the first optical signal and a second optical signal; and
wherein the second waveguide includes a third straight waveguide section, a second bend waveguide section, and a fourth straight waveguide section configured to propagate the second optical signal at the optical signal velocity.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the intersection includes a first expanding section for expanding a first width of the first waveguide, a first straight intersection section for intersecting the second waveguide, and a first tapering section for tapering the first width of the first waveguide; and a second expanding section for expanding a second width of the second waveguide, a second straight intersection section for intersecting the first waveguide, and a second tapering section for tapering the second width of the second waveguide.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first bend waveguide section includes a first bend radius and the second waveguide includes a second bend waveguide section having a second bend radius; and
wherein the first bend radius is different than the second bend radius such that a first optical path length of the first waveguide is equalized with a second optical path length of the second waveguide.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first waveguide crosses the second waveguide at the intersection, the first waveguide and the second waveguide being configured such that an insertion loss for the first optical signal in the intersection is less than 0.1 dB.