All-solid secondary battery and method of preparing same
An all-solid secondary battery includes a solid electrolyte layer disposed between an anode layer and a cathode layer, where the solid electrolyte layer contains a first solid electrolyte layer including a first solid electrolyte and a second electrolyte layer including a second solid electrolyte, where the first solid electrolyte is disposed proximate to the anode layer, the second solid electrolyte layer is disposed proximate to the cathode layer, and the first solid electrolyte has a lithium ion conductivity greater than a lithium ion conductivity of the second solid electrolyte, where a difference between the lithium ion conductivity of the first solid electrolyte and the lithium ion conductivity of the second solid electrolyte is equal to or greater than about 2 mS/cm.
1. An all-solid secondary battery comprising:
a solid electrolyte layer disposed between an anode layer and a cathode layer, wherein the solid electrolyte layer comprises
a first solid electrolyte layer comprising a first solid electrolyte, and
a second solid electrolyte layer comprising a second solid electrolyte, wherein
the first solid electrolyte layer is disposed proximate to the anode layer,
the second solid electrolyte layer is disposed proximate to the cathode layer, and
a lithium ion conductivity of the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte is different.
2. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the first solid electrolyte layer is disposed directly on the anode layer, and the second solid electrolyte layer is disposed directly on the cathode layer.
3. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte are each independently a sulfide solid electrolyte having an argyrodite crystal structure.
4. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein
the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte each independently has an argyrodite crystal structure and comprises Cl and Br, I, or a combination thereof, and
an amount of the Br, I, or a combination thereof in the first solid electrolyte is greater than an amount of Br, I, or a combination thereof in the second solid electrolyte.
5. The all-secondary battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the first solid electrolyte layer comprises the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte layer comprises the second solid electrolyte,
wherein the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte each independently has an argyrodite crystal structure and comprises Cl and Br, I, or a combination thereof, and
wherein a ratio of the Br, I, or a combination thereof to Cl of the first solid electrolyte is greater than a ratio of the Br, I, or a combination thereof to Cl of the second solid electrolyte.
6. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte each independently has an argyrodite crystal structure represented by Formula 1,
Li a M x PS b X c Cl d Formula 1
wherein, in Formula 1,
M is Na, K, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ag, Cu, Zr, Zn, or a combination thereof;
X is Br, I, or a combination thereof; and
0≤x≤0.07, 5≤a≤6, 4≤b≤6, c>0, d>0, 0<(c+d)≤2, and 5≤(a+x)≤6.
7. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 6 , wherein the second solid electrolyte includes a compound having an argyrodite crystal structure and represented by Formula 2, Formula 2-1, or a combination thereof.
Li a M x PS b (Cl) d Formula 2
wherein, M is Na, K, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ag, Cu, Zr, Zn, or a combination thereof; and
0≤x≤0.07, a is a number from 5 to 6, b is a number from 4 to 6, 0<d≤2, and 5≤a+x≤6,
Li a M x PS b (X1) c1 (Cl) d1 Formula 2-1
wherein, in Formula 2-1, M is Na, K, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ag, Cu, Zr, Zn, or a combination thereof;
X1 is Br, I, or a combination thereof; and
0≤x≤0.07, a is a number from 5 to 6, b is a number from 4 to 6, c1>0, d1>0, 0<c1+d1≤2, and 5≤a+x≤6.
8. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 7 , wherein the second solid electrolyte comprises Li 5.75 PS 4.75 Cl 1.25 , Li 5.75 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 , Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 , Li 5.45 Na 0.05 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 , Li 5.45 K 0.05 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 , Li 5.74 PS 4.74 Cl 1.26 , Li 5 Na 0.05 PS 4 Cl 2 , Li 5 K 0.05 PS 4 Cl 2 , Li 5.8 PS 4.8 Cl 1.2 , Li 5.7 Na 0.05 PS 4.75 Cl 1.25 , Li 5.7 Cu 0.05 PS 4.75 Cl 1.25 , Li 5.65 Cu 0.1 PS 4.75 Cl 1.25 , or a combination thereof.
9. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 6 , wherein first solid electrolyte comprising Formula 1 is represented by Formula 3,
Li a M x PS b Br c Cl d Formula 3
wherein, in Formula 3,
M is Na, K, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ag, Cu, Zr, Zn, or a combination thereof, and
0≤x≤0.07, 5≤a≤6, 4≤b≤6, c>0, d>0, 0<(c+d)≤2, and 5≤(a+x)≤6.
10. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 9 , wherein 0≤x≤0.05.
11. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 6 , wherein the first solid electrolyte comprising Formula 1 is represented by Formula 4,
(Li 1-x1 M x1 ) 7-y PS 6-y (Br 1-x2 Cl x2 ) y Formula 4
wherein, in Formula 4,
M is Na, K, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ag, Cu, Zr, Zn, or a combination thereof, and
0≤x1<1, 0<x2<1, and 0≤y≤2.
12. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 6 , wherein a compound represented by Formula 1 is Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 0.75 Br 0.75 , Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 0.25 Br 1.25 , Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.25 Br 0.25 , Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 0.1 Br 1.4 , Li 5.45 Na 0.05 PS 4.5 Cl 0.25 Br 1.25 , Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 0.25 Br 1.25 , Li 5.45 Na 0.05 PS 4.5 Cl 0.1 Br 1.4 , Li 5.45 Na 0.05 PS 4.5 Cl 0.1 Br 1.4 , Li 5 Na 0.05 PS 4 Cl 0.01 Br 1.99 , Li 5.74 PS 4.74 Cl 0.01 Br 1.25 , Li 5 PS 4 Cl 0.01 Br 1.99 , Li 5.45 K 0.05 PS 4.5 Cl 0.25 Br 1.25 , Li 5.45 K 0.05 PS 4.5 Cl 0.1 Br 1.4 , Li 5.45 K 0.05 PS 4.5 Cl 0.1 Br 1.4 , Li 5 K 0.05 PS 4 Cl 0.01 Br 1.99 , or a combination thereof.
13. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the difference in the lithium ion conductivity of the first solid electrolyte and the lithium ion conductivity of the second solid electrolyte is about 2 millisiemens per centimeter to about 20 millisiemens per centimeter.
14. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 ,
wherein, a ratio of a packing density to a true density in each of the first solid electrolyte layer and the second solid electrolyte layer is about 0.6:1 or more,
the ratio of the packing density to the true density of the first solid electrolyte layer is less than a ratio of packing density to the true density of the second solid electrolyte layer, and
a difference between the ratio of the packing density to the true density of the first solid electrolyte layer and the ratio of the packing density to the true density of the second solid electrolyte layer is about 0.02:1 to about 0.05:1.
15. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a thickness of the first solid electrolyte layer to a thickness of the second solid electrolyte layer is about 1:1 to about 1:10.
16. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein
a thickness of the second solid electrolyte layer is greater than a thickness of the first solid electrolyte, and
a thickness of the first solid electrolyte layer is about 1 micrometer to about 35 micrometers and a thickness of the second solid electrolyte layer is about 10 micrometers to about 60 micrometers.
17. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein a total thickness of the solid electrolyte layer is about 11 micrometers to about 200 micrometers.
18. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein
an ion conductivity of both the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte are about 1 millisiemens per centimeter or greater at 25° C.
19. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein an ion conductivity of the first solid electrolyte is about 3 millisiemens per centimeter to about 7 millisiemens per centimeter at 25° C., about 10 millisiemens per centimeter to about 15 millisiemens per centimeter at 45° C., or about 16 millisiemens per centimeter to about 20 millisiemens per centimeter at 60° C.
20. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein an ion conductivity of the second solid electrolyte is about 1 millisiemen per centimeter to about 5 millisiemens per centimeter at 25° C., about 3 millisiemens per centimeter to about 8 millisiemens per centimeter at 45° C., or about 5 millisiemens per centimeter to about 12 millisiemens per centimeter at 60° C.
21. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the first solid electrolyte layer and the second solid electrolyte layer each independently comprises a binder, and
wherein the binder comprises styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, acrylic resin, styrene-butadiene rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof.
22. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 21 , wherein an amount of the binder in the first solid electrolyte layer is less than an amount of a binder in the second solid electrolyte layer, wherein a difference between the amount of the binder in the first solid electrolyte and the amount of the binder in the second solid electrolyte layer is about 0.5 weight percent to about 1.5 weight percent.
23. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 22 , wherein
an amount of the binder in the first solid electrolyte layer is about 0.5 part by weight to about 1.5 parts by weight or less, based on 100 parts by weight of a total weight of the first solid electrolyte comprising the binder, and
an amount of the binder in the second solid electrolyte layer is about 1 part by weight to about 2 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of a total weight of the second solid electrolyte comprising the binder.
24. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode layer comprises a first anode active material layer comprising an anode current collector and an anode active material disposed on the anode current collector,
wherein the anode active material comprises a carbonaceous anode active material, a metal-containing anode active material, a metalloid-containing anode active material, or a combination thereof.
25. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 24 , wherein the carbonaceous anode active material comprises amorphous carbon, crystalline carbon, or a combination thereof, and
the metal-containing anode active material or the metalloid-containing anode active material comprises gold, platinum, palladium, silicon, silver, aluminum, bismuth, tin, zinc, or a combination thereof.
26. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 24 , further comprising a second anode active material layer disposed between the anode current collector and the first anode active material layer or between the solid electrolyte layer and the first anode active material layer,
wherein the second anode active material layer is a metal layer comprising lithium metal or a lithium alloy.
27. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode layer comprises a cathode active material,
wherein the cathode active material is a lithium transition metal oxide having a layered crystal structure, a lithium transition metal oxide having an olivine crystal structure, a lithium transition metal oxide having a spinel crystal structure, or a combination thereof.
28. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode layer comprises a compound represented by Formula 1, a compound represented by Formula 2, or a combination thereof:
Li a M x PS b X c Cl d Formula 1
wherein, in Formula 1,
M is Na, K, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ag, Cu, Zr, Zn, or a combination thereof;
X is Br, I, or a combination thereof; and
0≤x≤0.07, 5≤a≤6, 4≤b≤6, c>0, d>0, 0<(c+d)≤2, and 5≤(a+x)≤6,
Li a M x PS b Cl d Formula 2
wherein, in Formula 2,
M is Na, K, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ag, Cu, Zr, Zn, or a combination thereof; and
0≤x≤0.07, 5≤a≤6, 4≤b≤6, 0<d≤2, and 5≤(a+x)≤6.
29. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode layer comprises a cathode active material, a sulfide solid electrolyte, and a conductive agent,
wherein an amount of the sulfide solid electrolyte in the cathode layer is about 2 parts by weight to about 70 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the cathode layer.
30. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the first solid electrolyte has a lithium ion conductivity which is greater than a lithium ion conductivity of the second solid electrolyte, and
a difference between the lithium ion conductivity of the first solid electrolyte and the lithium ion conductivity of the second solid electrolyte is equal to or greater than about 2 millisiemens per centimeter.
31. A method of preparing the all-solid secondary battery of claim 1 , the method including:
providing a cathode layer;
providing an anode layer;
contacting a first solid electrolyte and a binder to form a first composition;
contacting a second solid electrolyte and a binder to form a second composition;
disposing the first composition on a surface of the anode layer facing the cathode layer to form a first solid electrolyte layer, and
disposing the second composition on a surface of the cathode layer facing the anode layer to form a second electrolyte layer to provide the all-solid secondary battery.
32. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 31 , wherein the disposing of the first composition comprises:
coating the first composition on a surface of the anode layer, and
drying the first composition on a surface of the anode layer.
33. The all-solid secondary battery of claim 31 , wherein the disposing of the second composition comprises:
coating the second composition on a substrate;
drying the second composition on a substrate to form a dried composition,
separating the dried composition from the substrate; and
placing the dried composition on a surface of the cathode layer facing the anode layer.
34. An all-solid secondary battery comprising:
a solid electrolyte layer disposed between an anode layer and a cathode layer,
wherein the solid electrolyte layer comprises a first solid electrolyte layer comprising a first solid electrolyte and a second solid electrolyte layer comprising a second solid electrolyte,
wherein the first solid electrolyte layer is disposed proximate to the anode layer, the second solid electrolyte layer is disposed proximate to the cathode layer,
a lithium ion conductivity of the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte is different, and
wherein the solid electrolyte layer has an argyrodite structure represented by Formula 6:
Li + 12-n-x AX 6-x Y′ x Formula 6
wherein, in Formula 6,
A is P, As, Ge, Ga, Sb, Si, Sn, Al, In, Ti, V, Nb, Ta, or a combination thereof,
X is S, Se, Te, or a combination thereof,
Y′ is Cl, Br, I , F, CN, OCN, SCN, N 3 , or a combination thereof,
1≤n≤6 and 0<x<2, wherein n is an oxidation number of A.