Noise damper and a method for producing a noise damper
A noise damper for reducing noise from a vibrating element which vibrates at a vibrational frequency, wherein the noise damper is configured to be in contact with the vibrating element such that when the noise damper is in contact with the vibrating element a noise amplitude at a point in a surrounding of the vibrating element is given by an attenuation factor times the noise amplitude at the point in the surrounding when the noise damper is disconnected from the vibrating element, the noise damper comprising: a polymer matrix, the polymer matrix being in a solid phase and forming a shape; a plurality of hollow particles dispersed in the polymer matrix, each hollow particle having a shell encapsulating a gas filled cavity, each hollow particle having a hollow particle size, and the plurality of hollow particles being dispersed at a hollow particle concentration in the polymer matrix; wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are configured to set the attenuation factor below an attenuation factor threshold at the vibrational frequency of the vibrating element, the hollow particle size being in a range wherein the largest dimension is between 20 μm and 2000 μm.
1. A noise damper for reducing noise from a vibrating element which vibrates at a vibrational frequency, wherein the noise damper is configured to be in contact with the vibrating element such that when the noise damper is in contact with the vibrating element a noise amplitude at a point in a surrounding of the vibrating element is given by an attenuation factor times the noise amplitude at the point in the surrounding when the noise damper is disconnected from the vibrating element, the noise damper comprising:
a polymer matrix, the polymer matrix being in a solid phase and forming a shape;
a plurality of hollow particles dispersed in the polymer matrix, each hollow particle being a temperature expandable particle having a polymer shell encapsulating a gas filled cavity, each hollow particle having a hollow particle size, and the plurality of hollow particles being dispersed at a hollow particle concentration in the polymer matrix;
wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are configured to set the attenuation factor below an attenuation factor threshold at the vibrational frequency of the vibrating element, the hollow particle size being in a range of 20 μm to 2000 μm and the attenuation factor threshold being 0.9,
wherein the polymer matrix with the dispersed hollow particles has a tan delta between 0.1 and 15, wherein tan delta is the loss modulus divided by the storage modulus for a viscoelastic material.
2. The noise damper of claim 1 , wherein the attenuation factor is frequency dependent and the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set the attenuation factor to have a local minimum within a first vibrational interval, said first vibrational interval comprising the vibrational frequency of the vibrating element, said first vibrational interval being the vibrational frequency ±10% of the vibrational frequency.
3. The noise damper of claim 2 , wherein the noise damper is configured to act as an acoustic attenuator which attenuates a sound wave originating from the vibrating element as the sound wave is transmitted through the noise damper when it is in contact with the vibrating element, wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set an acoustic attenuation coefficient of the noise damper above an acoustic attenuation coefficient threshold at the vibrational frequency of the vibrating element.
4. The noise damper of claim 2 , wherein the noise damper is a rail boot, the rail boot being configured to be attached to a rail of a railroad, wherein the rail is the vibrating element.
5. The noise damper of claim 1 , wherein the noise damper is configured to act as an acoustic attenuator which attenuates a sound wave originating from the vibrating element as the sound wave is transmitted through the noise damper when it is in contact with the vibrating element wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set an acoustic attenuation coefficient of the noise damper above an acoustic attenuation coefficient threshold at the vibrational frequency of the vibrating element, wherein the acoustic attenuation coefficient threshold is 0.023 mm −1 .
6. The noise damper of claim 5 , wherein the acoustic attenuation coefficient is frequency dependent and the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set the acoustic attenuation coefficient to have a local maximum within a second vibrational interval, said second vibrational interval comprising the vibrational frequency of the vibrating element, said second vibrational interval being the vibrational frequency ±10% of the vibrational frequency.
7. The noise damper of claim 6 , wherein the noise damper is configured to act as a part of a vibration isolation system, the noise damper being configured to be attached to an object as well as to the vibrating element, wherein the noise damper, the vibrating element and the object together form the vibration isolation system when the noise damper is attached both to the vibrating element and the object, the vibration isolation system controlling an amplitude of vibrations transmitted from the vibrating element to the object.
8. The noise damper of claim 1 , wherein the noise damper is configured to act as a part of a vibration isolation system, the noise damper being configured to be attached to an object as well as to the vibrating element, wherein the noise damper, the vibrating element and the object together form the vibration isolation system when the noise damper is attached both to the vibrating element and the object, the vibration isolation system controlling an amplitude of vibrations transmitted from the vibrating element to the object.
9. The noise damper of claim 8 , wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set a natural frequency of the vibration isolation system such that the ratio between the vibrational frequency and the natural frequency of the vibration isolation system is above a frequency ratio threshold of √2.
10. The noise damper of claim 9 , wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set a transmissibility of the vibration isolation system at the vibrational frequency below a transmissibility threshold, the transmissibility threshold being 0.9, wherein the transmissibility is the ratio of an amplitude of a vibrational response and an amplitude of a vibrational input of the vibration isolation system.
11. The noise damper of claim 9 , wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set a damping ratio above a damping ratio threshold, the damping ratio threshold being 0.1, wherein the damping ratio is the ratio between the damping coefficient and the critical damping coefficient of the vibration isolation system.
12. The noise damper of claim 8 , wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set a transmissibility of the vibration isolation system at the vibrational frequency below a transmissibility threshold, the transmissibility threshold being 0.9, wherein the transmissibility is the ratio of an amplitude of a vibrational response and an amplitude of a vibrational input of the vibration isolation system.
13. The noise damper of claim 12 , wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set a damping ratio above a damping ratio threshold, the damping ratio threshold being 0.1, wherein the damping ratio is the ratio between the damping coefficient and the critical damping coefficient of the vibration isolation system.
14. The noise damper of claim 8 , wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are further configured to set a damping ratio above a damping ratio threshold, the damping ratio threshold being 0.1, wherein the damping ratio is the ratio between the damping coefficient and the critical damping coefficient of the vibration isolation system.
15. The noise damper of claim 1 , wherein the noise damper is a rail boot, the rail boot being configured to be attached to a rail of a railroad, wherein the rail is the vibrating element.
16. The noise damper of claim 1 , wherein the hollow particle size has been set by elevating the temperature of the hollow particles to a size defining temperature during the production of the noise damper, the size defining temperature being a temperature which expands the hollow particles to a predefined size.
17. The noise damper of claim 1 , wherein the noise damper is a vibrational element clip, wherein the shape of the polymer matrix has a form which grips the vibrating element such that the vibrational element clip is configured to be attached to the vibrating element by clipping it on to the vibrating element.
18. The noise damper of claim 1 , wherein the vibrating element is a vibrating element of a submarine, and wherein the noise damper is arranged in contact with the vibrating element of the submarine.
19. A method for producing a noise damper for reducing noise from a vibrating element which vibrates at a vibrational frequency, wherein the noise damper is configured to be in contact with the vibrating element such that when the noise damper is in contact with the vibrating element a noise amplitude at a point in a surrounding of the vibrating element is given by an attenuation factor times the noise amplitude at the point in the surrounding when the noise damper is disconnected from the vibrating element, the method comprising:
heating an amount of a polymer matrix material such that it melts and forms a melted polymer matrix material;
dispersing an amount of hollow particles in the melted polymer matrix material;
wherein each hollow particle has a shell encapsulating a gas filled cavity, and wherein each hollow particle is a temperature expandable particle which is expandable to a size which is temperature dependent;
elevating the temperature of the melted polymer matrix material with the dispersed hollow particles to a size defining temperature such that the hollow particles expand, wherein the size defining temperature is configured to define the hollow particle size in the solidified polymer matrix;
shaping and cooling the melted polymer matrix material with the dispersed hollow particles such that the melted polymer matrix material solidifies into a polymer matrix with a shape, the shape comprising a plurality of the hollow particles with a hollow particle size dispersed at a hollow particle concentration in the polymer matrix;
wherein the amount of polymer matrix material and the amount of hollow particles are configured to define the hollow particle concentration in the solidified polymer matrix,
wherein the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration are configured to set the attenuation factor below an attenuation factor threshold at the vibrational frequency of the vibrating element, the attenuation factor threshold being 0.9,
the hollow particle size and the hollow particle concentration being further configured such that the polymer matrix with the dispersed hollow particles has a tan delta between 0.1 and 15, wherein tan delta is the loss modulus divided by the storage modulus for a viscoelastic material.
20. The method for producing a noise damper according to claim 19 , wherein an extrusion process is used in which:
wherein heating an amount of polymer matrix material and dispersing an amount of hollow particles in the melted polymer matrix material are performed by feeding a barrel of an extruder with polymer matrix material and unexpanded hollow particles and elevating the temperature in the barrel above the melting temperature of the polymer matrix material; and
wherein elevating the temperature of the melted polymer matrix material with the dispersed hollow particles to a size defining temperature is performed at an extruder die of the extruder wherein the die is a point where the melted polymer matrix material with the dispersed hollow particles leaves the extruder.