Mixing model to determine the composition of produced water using oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios
The disclosure relates to methods for determining an amount of seawater, an amount of aquifer water, and an amount of original reservoir water in a produced water sample using oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios. An 18 O/ 16 O ratio (δ 18 O) and a D/H ratio (δD) are measured for a seawater sample, an aquifer water sample, and an original reservoir water sample and are used to make a mixing model. δ 18 O and δD are measured in a produced water sample and the mixing model can be used to determine the amounts of each constituent in the produced water sample.
1. A method, comprising:
measuring an 18 O/ 16 O ratio (δ 18 O) and an 2 H/ 1 H ratio (δD) for each of a seawater sample, an aquifer water sample, and an original reservoir water sample;
measuring a δ 18 O and a δD in a produced water sample;
using the measured δ 18 O and δD for the aquifer water sample, the seawater sample and the original reservoir water sample to make a model; and
using the model to determine an amount of seawater, an amount of aquifer water, and an amount of original reservoir water in the produced water sample,
wherein the produced water sample comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of the seawater, the aquifer water, and the original reservoir water.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the model is for a well or formation (t) and is made using:
V A δ 18 O x Seawater ( t )+ V B δ 18 O y Aquifer water ( t )+ V C δ 18 O z Reservoir water ( t )= V D δ 18 O P ( t );
and
V A δD x Seawater ( t )+ V B δD y Aquifer water ( t )+ V C δD z Reservoir water ( t )= V D δD P ( t );
wherein:
δ 18 O x Seawater , δ 18 O y Aquifer water , and δ 18 O z Reservoir water are the measured oxygen isotope ratios in the seawater, aquifer water and original reservoir water, respectively;
δD x Seawater , δD y Aquifer water , and δD z Reservoir water are the measured hydrogen isotope ratios in the seawater, aquifer water and original reservoir water, respectively;
V A , V B and V C are relative volume fractions of the seawater, aquifer water and original reservoir water respectively;
V D is a mixing proportion used in the model; and
δ 18 O P and δD P are the oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios, respectively, in the produced water sample.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein:
the model comprises first, second and third endpoints;
V A , V B and V C correspond to relative volume percentages of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample, respectively
the first endpoint corresponds to V A =1, V B =0 and V C =0;
the second endpoint corresponds to V A =0; V B =1 and V C =0; and
the third endpoint corresponds to V A =0, V B =0 and V C =1.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein:
the model comprises first, second and third outer lines that connect the endpoints to define a triangle;
the first outer line corresponds to V A being equal to zero while varying V B and V C ;
the second outer line corresponds to V B being equal to zero while varying V A and V C ; and
the third outer line corresponds to V C being equal to zero while varying V A and V B .
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein:
the model comprises grid lines that connect the outer lines; and
each grid line corresponds to one member selected from the group consisting of V A , V B and V C being at a constant value between 0 and 1 and varying the other two members selected from the group consisting of V A , V B and V C .
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein:
each endpoint corresponds to a mixture comprising only one member selected from the group consisting of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample;
each outer line corresponds to a mixture comprising two members selected from the group consisting of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample; and
each grid line corresponds to a mixture comprising the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein:
a produced water sample comprising only one member selected from the group consisting of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample plots close to its corresponding endpoint;
a produced water sample comprising only two members selected from the group consisting of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample plots along the outer lines at a position corresponding to an amount of each of the two members; and
a produced water sample comprising the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample plots in at a position within the triangle corresponding to an amount of each of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the model comprises endpoints that correspond to mixtures comprising only one member selected from the group consisting of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample;
the model comprises outer lines connecting the endpoints that correspond to mixtures comprising only two members selected from the group consisting of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample;
the outer lines define a triangle; and
the model comprises grid lines that connect the outer lines that correspond to mixtures comprising the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
when the produced water sample comprises only one member selected from the group consisting of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample, the produced water sample plots close to the corresponding endpoint;
when the produced water sample comprises two members selected from the group consisting of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample, the produced water sample plots along the outer lines at a position corresponding to an amount of each of the two members; and
when the produced water sample comprises the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample, the produced water sample plots at a position within the triangle corresponding to an amount of each of the seawater sample, the aquifer water sample, and the original reservoir water sample.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the seawater has a δD of −5 to 30.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the seawater has a δ 18 O of −5 and to 7.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aquifer water has δD of −50 to −5.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aquifer water has a δ 18 O of −10 to 3.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the original reservoir water has a δD of −40 to 8.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the original reservoir water has a δ 18 O of −2 to 8.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the produced water is from a production well in fluid communication with an underground reservoir.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the produced water is from a flowback operation.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein at least one of the following holds:
the seawater is injected into the underground reservoir; or
the aquifer water is injected into the underground reservoir.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one member selected from the group consisting of an amount of 16 O, an amount of 18 O, an amount of 1 H and an amount of 2 H is measured using at least one of mass spectrometry and wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
using the determined amount of seawater, amount of aquifer water, and amount of original reservoir water in the produced water sample to:
perform or modify a drilling operation in an underground reservoir from which the produced water sample was produced; or
perform or modify a production operation in the underground reservoir from which the produced water sample was produced.