Chemical derivatives and methods for synthesizing and compounding chemical derivatives related to capsaicin palmitate and capsaicin prodrugs
Capsaicin compositions and methods for enhancing hydrophobicity of a molecule useful for pharmaceutical applications, including: (1) a prodrug using a linker such as a carbamate between capsaicin with other structures in order to optimize kinetic control of capsaicin cleavage; (2) a prodrug using a linker such as an unsaturated carboxylic ester between capsaicin with other structures in order to optimize kinetic control of capsaicin cleavage; (3) esters of long-chain fatty acids and capsaicin where hydroxyl groups provide handles for attachment of additional capsaicin molecules; and (4) the use of carboxylic acid diesters to increase overall hydrophobicity of two or more covalently-linked capsaicin molecules. Formulations of palmitated esters of capsaicin are also described, which are designed to enhance hydrophobicity of a molecule useful for pharmaceutical applications, for example to provide compounded mixtures designed to optimize analgesic efficacy.
1. A prodrug of formula (I), (II) or (III):
wherein:
Cpsn represents a capsaicinoid which is joined at a free phenolic hydroxyl group via an ester-containing linkage of formula (I), (II) or (III);
R in formula (I), (II) and (III) is a C 1-20 branched, cyclized, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties; and
the unsaturated hydrocarbon moiety in formula (I) is a non-cyclic moiety having two carbon atoms, or
the unsaturated hydrocarbon moiety in formula (I) is a benzene moiety that is optionally substituted with up to four substituents selected from the group consisting of a straight, branched or cyclic C 1-6 hydrocarbon, a halogen, a hydroxyl, an alkoxyl, a nitrogen-containing substituent, and any combination thereof, such that two adjacent substituents may be joined to form a fused heterocyclic ring;
the saturated hydrocarbon moiety in formula (II) is a branched or cyclic C1-C20 hydrocarbon moiety; and
n is 6 to 20.
2. The prodrug of claim 1 , which is a prodrug of formula (I).
3. The prodrug of claim 1 , which is a prodrug of formula (II).
4. The prodrug of claim 1 , which is a prodrug of formula (III).
5. The prodrug of claim 1 , wherein R is a C 1-20 branched, cyclized, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon.
6. The prodrug of claim 1 , wherein R is a molecule with analgesic properties, or a molecule with pharmacological properties.
7. The prodrug of claim 6 , wherein R is Cpsn.
8. The prodrug of claim 2 , wherein the unsaturated hydrocarbon moiety in formula (I) is the non-cyclic moiety having two carbon atoms.
9. The prodrug of claim 8 , wherein the unsaturated hydrocarbon moiety having two carbon atoms derives from an α,β-unsaturated di-carboxylic acid comprising carbon atoms.
10. The prodrug of claim 2 , wherein the unsaturated hydrocarbon moiety in formula (I) is the benzene moiety that is optionally substituted with up to four substituents selected from the group consisting of a straight, branched or cyclic C 1-6 hydrocarbon, a halogen, a hydroxyl, an alkoxyl, a nitrogen-containing substituent, and any combination thereof, wherein two adjacent substituents may be joined to form a fused heterocyclic ring.
11. The prodrug of claim 10 , wherein the benzene moiety is optionally substituted with up to four substituents selected from the group consisting of a cyclic C 3-6 hydrocarbon, a halogen, an alkoxy, and any combination thereof, wherein two adjacent alkoxy substituents may be joined to form a fused heterocyclic ring.
12. The prodrug of claim 11 , wherein the benzene moiety is a structure of formula:
13. The prodrug of claim 3 , wherein the saturated hydrocarbon moiety in formula (II) is a branched C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon moiety.
14. The prodrug of claim 3 , wherein the saturated hydrocarbon moiety in formula (II) is a cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon moiety.
15. A composition, comprising: the prodrug of claim 1 , and at least one of water, an oil, a surfactant, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a chelator, a preservative, and a pH-adjusting agent.