Heterogeneous energy storage system and method of controlling a heterogeneous energy storage system
A heterogeneous energy storage device and a method for controlling a heterogeneous energy storage device are provided. In one implementation, a heterogeneous energy storage device is provided. The heterogeneous energy storage device includes a first energy storage device, a second energy storage device and a capacitive device. The first energy storage device has a first energy capacity and a first power to energy ratio (P/E). The second energy storage device has a second total energy capacity and a second P/E ratio different from the first P/E ratio. The capacitive device is coupled in series with the first energy storage device, wherein the second energy storage device is coupled in parallel with the series combination of the capacitive device and the first energy storage device. In another implementation, a method of controlling a heterogeneous energy storage device including a first energy storage device and a second energy storage device is provided. In this implementation, the method includes: providing a capacitive device in series with the first energy storage; coupling the second energy storage device in parallel with the series combination of capacitive device and the first energy storage device, wherein the capacitive device provides DC decoupling between the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device.
1. A heterogeneous energy storage device comprising:
a first energy storage device having a first energy capacity and a first power to energy ratio (P/E) and including a positive contact and a negative contact;
a second energy storage device having a second energy capacity and a second P/E ratio different from the first P/E ratio and including a positive contact and a negative contact, wherein the second energy storage device has a lower P/E ratio than the first energy storage device;
a DC-DC converter comprising a first port and a second port, wherein a positive contact and a negative contact of the first port are coupled to the positive contact and the negative contact of the first energy storage device, respectively, and a positive contact and a negative contact of the second port are coupled to the positive contact and the negative contact of the second energy storage device, respectively, wherein the DC-DC converter is coupled in parallel to both the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device;
a capacitive device having a first contact and a second contact, wherein the first contact is directly connected to a coupling point of the positive contact of the first energy storage device and the positive contact of the first port of the DC-DC converter, and the second contact is directly connected to a coupling point of the positive contact of the second energy storage device and the positive contact of the second port of the DC-DC converter; and
an output port directly connected to the following:
the positive contact of the second energy storage device, and
the second contact of the capacitive device.
2. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the capacitive device is configured to block DC current from flowing through a series combination of the capacitive device and the first energy storage device.
3. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the capacitive device does not include a power converter circuit.
4. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the heterogeneous energy storage device requires no additional series connected power converters or contactors.
5. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the capacitive device comprises at least one of (i) at least one capacitor coupled in series with the first energy storage device and (ii) a combination of at least one capacitor and at least one switch coupled with the at least one capacitor.
6. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the DC-DC converter is adapted to provide at least one of (i) energy balancing between the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device and (ii) at least one battery management function for at least one of the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device.
7. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the first energy storage device comprises at least one power optimized cell and the second energy storage device comprises at least one energy optimized cell.
8. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the capacitive device provides DC decoupling between the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device and comprises at least one capacitor selected from the group comprising: an ultra-capacitor, a super-capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor, a film capacitor, and a mica capacitor.
9. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , further comprising:
a third energy storage device having a third energy capacity and a third P/E ratio; and
a second capacitive device having a first contact and a second contact, wherein the first contact of the second capacitive device is coupled to a positive contact of the third energy storage device.
10. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein a first switch is coupled in series between the first energy storage device and the capacitive device and a second switch is coupled in series with the second energy storage device.
11. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the capacitive device comprises a switched capacitor network comprising a plurality of capacitors and switches in series with the first energy storage device.
12. The heterogeneous energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the heterogeneous energy storage device is coupled to an electric or hybrid electric vehicle.
13. A method of controlling a heterogeneous energy storage device, the method comprising:
providing a heterogeneous energy storage device comprising:
a first energy storage device having a first energy storage capacity and a first power-to-energy (P/E) ratio and including a positive contact and a negative contact,
a second energy storage device having a second energy storage capacity and a second P/E ratio different from the first P/E ratio and including a positive contact and a negative contact, wherein the second energy storage device has a lower P/E ratio than the first energy storage device,
a DC-DC converter comprising a first port and a second port, wherein a positive contact and a negative contact of the first port are coupled to the positive contact and the negative contact of the first energy storage device, respectively, and a positive contact and a negative contact of the second port are coupled to the positive contact and the negative contact of the second energy storage device, respectively, wherein the DC-DC converter is coupled in parallel to both the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device,
a capacitive device having a first contact and a second contact, wherein the first contact is directly connected to a coupling point of the positive contact of the first energy storage device and the positive contact of the first port of the DC-DC converter, and the second contact is directly connected to a coupling point of the positive contact of the second energy storage device and the positive contact of the second port of the DC-DC converter; and
an output port directly connected to the following:
the positive contact of the second energy storage device, and
the second contact of the capacitive device; and
performing at least one of energy balancing between the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device and at least one battery management function for at least one of the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device via the DC-DC converter.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the capacitive device is configured to block DC current from flowing through a series combination of the capacitive device and the first energy storage device.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the capacitive device does not include a power converter circuit.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the heterogeneous energy storage device requires no additional series connected power converters or contactors.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the capacitive device comprises at least one of (i) at least one capacitor coupled in series with the first energy storage device and (ii) a combination of at least one capacitor and at least one switch coupled with the at least one capacitor.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the heterogeneous energy storage device has a single output port.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the capacitive device provides DC decoupling between the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein the heterogeneous energy storage device further comprises:
a third energy storage device having a third energy capacity and a third P/E ratio; and
a second capacitive device having a first contact and a second contact, wherein the first contact of the second capacitive device is the second contact of the capacitive device.
21. The method of claim 13 , wherein a first switch is coupled in series between the first energy storage device and the capacitive device and a second switch is coupled in series with the second energy storage device.
22. The method of claim 13 , wherein the capacitive device comprises a switched capacitor network comprising a plurality of capacitors and switches in series with the first energy storage device.
23. The method of claim 13 , wherein the heterogeneous energy storage device is coupled to an electric or hybrid electric vehicle.