Luminescence imaging for sensing and/or authentication
Compositions, articles, systems, and methods for sensing and/or authentication using luminescence imaging are generally provided. In some embodiments, an article (or packaging material of an article) is associated with an emissive material comprising an emissive species (e.g., a luminescent species). In some cases, the emissive species has an emission lifetime of at least 10 nanoseconds (ns). In some cases, a characteristic of an article (e.g., identity, authenticity, age, quality, purity) may be determined by obtaining an image (or series of images) comprising time-dependent information related to an emissive species. In certain instances, for example, the emission lifetime of an emissive species may be determined from an image (or series of images). Since the emission lifetime of an emissive species may be modified by a number of factors, including but not limited to binding or proximity to other molecules (e.g., water, oxygen, carbon monoxide), temperature, pH, and radiation exposure, the measured length of the emission lifetime (e.g., the observed emission lifetime, the emission time period) may provide information regarding a characteristic of an associated article. In some instances, an emissive material comprising one or more emissive species may be used to identify and/or authenticate an associated article.
1. A system, comprising:
an excitation component configured to excite an emissive species such that the emissive species produces a detectable non-steady-state emission during an emission time period, wherein the emission time period is at least 10 nanoseconds;
an image sensor comprising an array of pixels configured to detect at least a portion of the detectable non-steady-state emission, the image sensor comprising a rolling shutter; and
an electronic hardware component configured to produce a single image comprising a first portion corresponding to a first portion of the emission time period and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission time period,
wherein the rolling shutter of the image sensor is configured, upon detection of the detectable non-steady-state emission, to sequentially read a first row or first column of pixels of the array of pixels and a second row or second column of pixels of the array of pixels.
2. A system as in claim 1 , wherein the single image further comprises a third portion corresponding to a third portion of the emission time period.
3. A system as in claim 1 , wherein the single image further comprises subsequent portions corresponding to multiple other portions of the emission time period.
4. A system as in claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the emission time period is different from the second portion of the emission time period.
5. A system as in claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the emission time period at least partially overlaps with the second portion of the emission time period.
6. A system, comprising:
an excitation component configured to expose an emissive species to non-steady-state electromagnetic radiation;
an image sensor configured to detect at least a portion of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emissive species using a rolling shutter; and
an electronic hardware component configured to produce a single image comprising at least a first image portion corresponding to emission of electromagnetic radiation by the emissive species at least at a first point in time, and a second image portion corresponding to emission of electromagnetic radiation by the emissive species at least at a second point in time.
7. A system as in claim 6 , wherein the electronic hardware component is configured to
a) produce the single image comprising more than two image portions corresponding to emission of electromagnetic radiation by the emissive species at more than two respective points in time, and/or
b) produce multiple images each comprising at least a first image portion corresponding to emission of electromagnetic radiation by the emissive species at least at a first point in time, and second image portion corresponding to emission of electromagnetic radiation by the emissive species at least at a second point in time.
8. A system configured for identification of a characteristic of an article, comprising:
a chemical tag associated with the article, wherein the chemical tag comprises an emissive species, wherein the emissive species produces a detectable non-steady- state emission during an emission time period under a set of conditions, and wherein the emission time period is at least 10 nanoseconds;
an excitation component configured to excite the emissive species under the set of conditions such that the detectable non-steady-state emission, which varies over the image capture time period, is produced;
an image sensor configured to detect the detectable non-steady-state emission, the image sensor comprising a rolling shutter; and
an electronic hardware component configured to convert the detectable emission into a single image,
wherein the single image comprises a first portion corresponding to a first portion of the emission time period and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission time period, and
wherein a difference between a property of the first portion and the second portion is associated with a characteristic of the chemical tag.
9. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the single image further comprises subsequent portions corresponding to multiple other portions of the emission time period.
10. A system as in claim 8 , wherein at least one characteristic of the detectable emission varies over the image capture time period.
11. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the emissive species is a chemical and/or biological species.
12. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the chemical tag comprises a plurality of emissive species.
13. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the excitation component is configured to excite a plurality of emissive species.
14. A system as in claim 8 , wherein at least two emissive species of the plurality of emissive species are chemical and/or biological species.
15. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the excitation component comprises a source of electromagnetic radiation.
16. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the source of electromagnetic radiation to excite the emissive species is configured to emit substantially white light.
17. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the source of electromagnetic radiation comprises an LED, an OLED, a fluorescent light, and/or an incandescent bulb.
18. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the source of electromagnetic radiation comprises a flash lamp.
19. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the excitation component comprises an optical shutter, a light valve, an optical modulator, a dynamic refractory material, a rotating element that periodically blocks the electromagnetic radiation, and/or a moving mirror.
20. A system as in claim 8 , wherein the excitation component is configured to excite the emissive species by electrical, mechanical, chemical, particle, or thermal stimulation.