Optical quantum logic gates
There are provided optical quantum logic gate (OQLG) characterized by 2 n *2 n unitary matrix and method of operating thereof. OQLG comprises first optical structure comprising 2 n optically-coupled cores with one-to-one correspondence to input binary values specified by the matrix and second optical structure optically connected to the first optical structure and comprising 2 n amplifying channels corresponding to the 2 n cores. The first optical structure is configured to receive photons in binary fundamental quantum states (FQSs) representing input binary values specified by the matrix and to inject the received photons in the 2 n cores, use optical coupling between the cores to mix the injected photons, and output photons into the second optical structure, wherein outputted mixed photons correspond to output binary values specified by the matrix. The second optical structure is configured to amplify, in a controllable manner, photons in the amplifying channels with preserving the FQSs and relative quantities of photons with different FQSs.
1. An optical quantum logic gate (OQLG) acting on n qubits and characterized by 2 n *2 n unitary matrix, the OQLG comprising:
a first optical structure comprising 2 n optically-coupled cores with one-to-one correspondence to input binary values specified by the unitary matrix and a second optical structure optically connected to the first optical structure and comprising 2 n amplifying channels corresponding to the 2 n cores,
wherein the first optical structure is configured:
to receive photons in binary fundamental quantum states representing input binary values specified by the unitary matrix and to inject the received photons in the 2 n cores in accordance with the one-to-one correspondence of the cores and fundamental quantum states of the photons;
to use optical coupling between the cores to mix the injected photons, wherein photons are mixed with weights specified by the unitary matrix;
when a complex-number binary value specified by the unitary matrix is represented by a respective superposition of photons in fundamental quantum states, to mix the received photons prior to injecting the superposed photons in a core corresponding to the complex-number binary value; and
to output photons into the second optical structure, wherein outputted mixed photons correspond to output binary values specified by the matrix; and
wherein the second optical structure is configured to amplify photons in the amplifying channels, wherein the amplifying is provided in a controllable manner with preserving, for photons propagating in the amplifying channels, the fundamental quantum states thereof and relative quantities of photons with different fundamental quantum states.
2. The OQLG of claim 1 , wherein real-number input binary values specified by the unitary matrix are represented by fundamental quantum states of vertical and horizontal polarization.
3. The OQLG of claim 1 , wherein the weights are pre-defined as a function of a coupling length of the first optical structure, and wherein the coupling length is pre-defined by selection of optical and geometrical parameters of the cores and a cladding therebetween.
4. The OQLG of claim 1 , wherein the first optical structure and the second optical structure are integrated and implemented on the same cores of a multi-core optical fiber.
5. The OQLG of claim 4 , wherein each core of 2 n cores in the multi-core optical fiber is configured to comprise a first segment being a part of the first optical structure and a second segment following the first segment and being a part of the second optical structure.
6. The OQLG of claim 5 , wherein the multi-core optical fiber is configured to have a tapered configuration with first segments of each core being located in a tapered part enabling optical coupling between the first segments, and with second segments being located in a wide part enabling a distance sufficient to prevent an optical interaction between the second segments.
7. The OQLG of claim 1 , wherein each amplifying channel is associated with a control port configured to enable, in response to a control signal specifying a desired amplification factor, amplification required in the amplifying channel.
8. The OQLG of claim 7 , wherein each amplifying channel is impregnated with gain medium configured to provide gain at a first wavelength range corresponding to the outputted mixed photons and wherein the gain is achievable in response to a pumping optical signal received via the control port and having a pumping wavelength range different from the first wavelength range.
9. The OQLG of claim 8 , wherein the amplification factor is controlled, at least, by defining parameters of the pumping optical signal, gain medium and/or effective length of the amplifying channel.
10. The OQLG of claim 1 configured to be arrangeable into all-optical arrangements of a plurality of OQLGs.
11. An optical quantum logic gate (OQLG) acting on n qubits and characterized by 2n*2n unitary matrix, the OQLG comprising:
a first optical structure comprising 2n optically-coupled cores with one-to-one correspondence to input binary values specified by the unitary matrix and a second optical structure optically connected to the first optical structure and comprising 2n amplifying channels corresponding to the 2n cores,
wherein the first optical structure is configured:
to receive photons in binary fundamental quantum states representing input binary values specified by the unitary matrix and to inject the received photons in the 2n cores in accordance with the one-to-one correspondence of the cores and fundamental quantum states of the photons;
to use optical coupling between the cores to mix the injected photons, wherein photons are mixed with weights specified by the unitary matrix; and
to output photons into the second optical structure, wherein outputted mixed photons correspond to output binary values specified by the matrix; and
wherein the second optical structure is configured to amplify photons in the amplifying channels, wherein the amplifying is provided in a controllable manner with preserving, for photons propagating in the amplifying channels, the fundamental quantum states thereof and relative quantities of photons with different fundamental quantum states; and
wherein the OQLG is operatively connected to at least one second OQLG, wherein a logical connection between an output of the OQLG and an input of the at least one second OQLG is provided with the help of an optical structure configured to generate a plurality of photons with entangled binary fundamental quantum states and to enable injecting, in a certain proportion, the generated entangled photons into an input of the OQLG and the input of the at least one second OQLG.
12. A method of operating an optical quantum logic gate (OQLG) acting on n qubits and characterized by 2 n *2 n unitary matrix, the method comprising:
receiving in the OQLG a plurality of photons in binary fundamental quantum states representing input binary values specified by the unitary matrix, wherein the OQLG comprises an optical structure with 2 n optically-coupled cores with one-to-one correspondence to the input binary values specified by the unitary matrix, and wherein the received photons are injected in the cores in accordance with the one-to-one correspondence;
using optical coupling between the cores to mix the injected photons, wherein photons are mixed with pre-defined weights corresponding to design of the optical structure;
when a complex-number binary value specified by the unitary matrix is represented by a respective superposition of photons in fundamental quantum states, mixing the received photons to provide the superposition prior to injecting the superposed photons in a core corresponding to the complex-number binary value;
outputting photons into 2 n optical amplifying channels corresponding to the 2 n cores, wherein outputted mixed photons correspond to output binary values specified by the matrix;
amplifying photons in the amplifying channels, wherein the amplifying is provided in a controllable manner with preserving, for photons propagating in the amplifying channels, the fundamental quantum states thereof and relative quantities of photons with different fundamental quantum states; and
providing quantum readout of photons outputted from the amplifying channels.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the weights are pre-defined as a function of a coupling length of the optical structure, and wherein the coupling length is pre-defined by selection of optical and geometrical parameters of the cores and a cladding therebetween.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein real-number input binary values specified by the unitary matrix are represented by fundamental quantum states of vertical and horizontal polarization.
15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising receiving by a control port of the OQLG a control signal specifying a desired amplification factor in an amplifying channel and providing an amplification in response.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein each amplifying channel is impregnated with gain medium configured to provide gain at a first wavelength range corresponding to the outputted mixed photons and wherein the control signal is a pumping optical signal received via the control port and having a pumping wavelength range different from the first wavelength range.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the amplification factor is controlled, at least, by defining parameters of the pumping optical signal, gain medium and/or effective length of the amplifying channel.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of photons comprises photons with different, relatively close, wavelengths multiplexed prior to receiving by the OQLG.