Method for laser microwelding
A weld ( 3 ) between a first material ( 1 ) and a second material ( 2 ), the first material ( 1 ) being a first metallic material, and the second material ( 2 ) being a second metallic material, the weld ( 3 ) has a width ( 4 ) between 0.5 mm and 7 mm, the weld ( 3 ) comprises at least one microweld ( 8 ), the microweld ( 8 ) forms a welding pattern ( 5 ) defined parallel to a surface ( 6 ) of the first material ( 1 ), and the microweld ( 8 ) has a characteristic feature size ( 7 ) of between 20 μm and 400 um.
1. A method for laser microwelding a first material to a second material, which method comprises:
placing a first metal part comprising the first material on a second metal part comprising the second material;” providing a laser for emitting a laser beam in the form of laser pulses;
providing a scanner for scanning the laser beam with respect to a surface of the first metal part;
providing an objective lens for focusing the laser pulses onto the surface; and
providing a controller that is adapted to control the scanner such that the scanner moves the laser beam with respect to the surface,
characterized by
moving the laser beam with respect to the surface;
focusing the laser pulses with a spot size and a pulse fluence that cause the formation of a weld comprising at least one microweld in the form of a welding pattern defined parallel to the surface; and
operating the controller to form the microweld by selecting a first laser signal comprising a plurality of the laser pulses during a first time period to create a melt pool on the surface, then selecting a second laser signal comprising a plurality of the laser pulses during a second time period to initiate welding of the first metal part to the second metal part, and then selecting a third laser signal comprising either the laser pulses or a continuous wave laser beam during a third time period to weld the first metal part to the second metal-part;
wherein the method is one that forms a key hole, the method further includes providing a fourth laser signal which is selected to close the key hole;
wherein the microweld has a characteristic feature size of between 20 μm and 400 μm;
the laser pulses have pulse widths between 1 ns and 3000 ns; “the first material is a first metal;” the second material is a second metal which is different from the first metal;
the weld is autogenous; and
wherein the laser pulses have a pulse energy of 10 mJ or less, the laser pulses have a pulse repetition frequency greater than 10 kHz, and the spot size is less than 100 μm.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the moving of the laser beam with respect to the surface of the first metal part is such that the weld has a width between 0.5 mm and 7 mm.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the laser is operated to form a plurality of melt pools in the first metal part and a plurality of heat stakes in the second metal part, wherein each heat stake extends from a different one of the melt pools and has a distal end, and the method including adapting the controller to space the focused spots apart by a distance that is small enough to cause the melt pools to overlap and that is large enough to ensure the distal end of the heat stakes are distinct and separate from each other in at least one direction.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the second laser signal is selected to have a peak power which is greater than a peak power of the third laser signal.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the first, second and third laser signals is selected to inhibit the formation of intermetallics.
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the first, second and the third laser signals is selected to improve the smoothness of a surface of the weld.
7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the laser beam is characterized by a beam quality M 2 less than 4.
8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the laser is characterized by a beam quality M 2 less than 2.
9. The method according to claim 8 wherein the laser is characterized by a beam quality M 2 less than 1.3.
10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the laser is a nanosecond laser.
11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the laser is characterized by a wavelength between 1000 nm and 3000 nm.
12. The method according to claim 1 , which method comprises: forming a hole in the first material with the laser; melting at least one of the first and the second materials with the laser; and flowing at least one of the first and the second materials into the hole.
13. The method according to claim 12 wherein the first material and the second material remain substantially unmixed in the weld.
14. The method according to claim 12 wherein the hole is formed by pulsing the laser such that at least some of the first material is injected into the second material to form a zone comprising the first material surrounded by the second material.
15. The method according to claim 12 wherein the hole is formed by first forming a hole that does not penetrate through the first material, and then pulsing the laser such that at least some of the first material is injected into the second material to form a zone comprising the first material surrounded by the second material.
16. The method according to claim 12 wherein the first material has a bottom surface that is closer to the second material than the surface of the first metal part, the hole has a width at the surface of the first metal part and a width at the bottom surface, wherein the width at the surface of the first metal part is wider than the width at the bottom surface, and the method includes the step of flowing the second material into the hole.
17. The method according to claim 1 and including a step of remelting at least one of the first material and the second material with the laser.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the weld comprises at least one void in at least one of the first material and the second material.
19. The method according to claim 1 wherein the laser pulses have the pulse repetition frequency, the pulse repetition frequency is greater than 10 kHz, and the spot size, the pulse fluence, the pulse widths, and the pulse repetition frequency are selected such that at least one of the first material and the second material resolidifies between successive laser pulses thereby inhibiting the formation of an intermetallic phase in the weld.
20. The method according to claim 1 wherein the spot size is less than 60 μm.
21. The method according to claim 1 wherein the laser pulses have a pulse energy of 4 mJ or less, 1 mJ or less, or 100 μJ or less.
22. The method according to claim 1 wherein the laser pulses have a pulse energy of 1 mJ.
23. The method according to claim 1 wherein the laser is a fibre laser.
24. The method according to claim 1 wherein the laser is a fibre laser, the laser beam is characterized by a beam quality M 2 less than 4, and the laser pulses have a pulse energy of 4 mJ or less, 1 mJ or less, or 100 μJ or less.