Method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from expanded Kish graphite
A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from kish graphite including: A. The provision of kish graphite, B. Optionally, a pre-treatment of kish graphite, C. The intercalation of kish graphite with a persulfate salt and an acid at room temperature to obtain intercalated kish graphite, D. The expansion of the intercalated kish graphite to obtain expanded kish graphite and E. An oxidation step of the expanded kish graphite to obtain graphene oxide and F. A reduction of graphene oxide into reduced graphene oxide.
1. A method for manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from kish graphite comprising:
A. providing kish graphite,
B. optionally, pre-treating the kish graphite,
C. intercalation of the kish graphite with a persulfate salt and an acid at room temperature to obtain intercalated kish graphite,
D. expansion of the intercalated kish graphite at room temperature to obtain expanded kish graphite,
E. oxidation of the expanded kish graphite to obtain graphene oxide, and
F. reduction of the graphene oxide into reduced graphene oxide having oxygen functional groups including ketone groups, carboxyl groups, epoxy groups and hydroxyl groups,
wherein the reduced graphene oxide has 25%, or less, of the oxygen functional groups by weight, wherein the expansion of the intercalated kish graphite at room temperature lasts from 2 to 5 minutes.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein step B) is performed and includes the following successive sub-steps:
i. a sieving step wherein the kish graphite is classified by size as follows:
a) Kish graphite having a size below 50 μm,
b) Kish graphite having a size above or equal to 50 μm,
the fraction a) of kish graphite having a size below 50 μm being removed,
ii. a flotation step with the fraction b) of kish graphite having a size above or equal to 50 μm,
iii. an acid leaching step wherein an acid is added so that the ratio in weight (acid amount)/(kish graphite amount) is between 0.25 and 1.0, and
iv. optionally, the kish graphite is washed and dried.
3. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein in step C), the ratio in weight of the acid with respect to kish graphite is between 2 and 8.
4. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein in step C), the persulfate salt is chosen from the group consisting of: sodium persulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 8 ), ammonium persulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ) and potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ) and mixtures thereof.
5. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein in step C), the acid is chosen from: H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HNO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , C 2 H 2 Cl 2 O 2 (dichloroacetic acid), HSO 2 OH (alkylsulfonic acid) and mixtures thereof.
6. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein in step D), the expansion is naturally performed by leaving the kish graphite, the persulfate salt and the acid at room temperature in an open vessel.
7. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein step E) comprises the following successive sub-steps:
i. mixture of the expanded kish graphite with the or another acid, an oxidizing agent and optionally a salt,
ii. addition of at least one chemical element to stop the oxidation reaction,
iii. separation of graphite oxide from the mixture obtained in step E.ii), and
iv. exfoliation of graphite oxide into graphene oxide.
8. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein in step E.i), the or another acid is chosen from the group consisting of: H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HNO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , C 2 H 2 Cl 2 O 2 (dichloroacetic acid), HSO 2 OH (alkylsulfonic acid) and mixtures thereof.
9. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein in step E.i), the oxidizing agent is chosen from the group consisting of: potassium permanganate, H 2 O 2 , O 3 , H 2 S 2 O 8 , H 2 SO 5 , KNO 3 , NaClO and mixtures thereof.
10. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein in step E.ii), the chemical element used to stop the oxidation reaction is chosen from the group consisting of: an acid, non-deionized water, deionized water, H 2 O 2 and mixtures thereof.
11. The method as recited in claim 10 wherein at least two chemical elements are chosen to stop the reaction, the at least two chemical elements being used successively or simultaneously.
12. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein in step E.ii), the mixture obtained in step E.i) is gradually pumped into the chemical element used to stop the oxidation reaction.
13. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein in step E.iii), the graphite oxide is separated by centrifugation, decantation, distillation or filtration.
14. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein in step E.iv), the exfoliation is performed by using ultrasound, mechanical agitator, sieve shaker or thermal exfoliation.
15. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein step F) includes the following sub-steps:
i. reduction of GO into reduced graphene oxide (rGO), including one layer or a few layers of graphene having between 10 and 25% by weight of oxygen functional groups, using a reducing agent; and
ii. Optionally, the reduction of rGO into microwave-reduced graphene oxide (M W-rGO), comprising one layer or a few layers of graphene having less than 10% by weight of oxygen functional groups, by microwaving rGO under air atmosphere in presence of a catalyst.
16. The method as recited in claim 15 wherein in step F.i), the reducing agent is chosen from the group consisting of: ascorbic acid; urea; hydrazine hydrate; an alkaline solution; phenols; alcohol; glycine; sodium citrate and sodium borohydride.
17. The method as recited in claim 15 wherein in step F.ii), the catalyst is chosen from the group consisting of: pristine graphene, graphene nanoplatelets, graphite and graphite nanoplatelets.
18. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein in step C), the acid is chosen from: H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HNO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , C 2 H 2 Cl 2 O 2 (dichloroacetic acid), and mixtures thereof.
19. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein in step E.i), the or another acid is chosen from the group consisting of: H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HNO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , C 2 H 2 Cl 2 O 2 (dichloroacetic acid), and mixtures thereof.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the kish graphite is a residue of the steelmaking process.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intercalation of the kish graphite with a persulfate salt and an acid at room temperature lasts from 2 to 30 minutes.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxidation of the expanded kish graphite to obtain graphene oxide lasts from 10 to 30 minutes.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the expanded graphite is oxidized without salt.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intercalation of the kish graphite with a persulfate salt and an acid at room temperature lasts from 2 to 5 minutes.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reduced graphene oxide has 4 to 25% of the oxygen functional groups by weight.
26. A method for manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from kish graphite comprising:
A. providing kish graphite,
B. optionally, pre-treating the kish graphite,
C. intercalation of the kish graphite with a persulfate salt and an acid at room temperature to obtain intercalated kish graphite,
D. expansion of the intercalated kish graphite at room temperature to obtain expanded kish graphite,
E. oxidation of the expanded kish graphite to obtain graphene oxide and
F. reduction of the graphene oxide into reduced graphene oxide having oxygen functional groups including ketone groups, carboxyl groups, epoxy groups and hydroxyl groups,
wherein the oxidation of the expanded kish graphite to obtain graphene oxide lasts from 10 minutes to 1 hour, and
wherein the expansion of the intercalated kish graphite at room temperature lasts from 2 to 5 minutes.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the expanded graphite is oxidized without salt.
28. The method of claim 26 , wherein the reduced graphene oxide has between 4 and 25% of the oxygen functional groups by weight.
29. The method of claim 26 , wherein the oxidation of the expanded kish graphite to obtain graphene oxide lasts from 10 to 30 minutes.
30. The method of claim 26 , wherein the kish graphite is a residue of the steelmaking process.