Direct electrical heating of process heater tubes using galvanic isolation techniques
The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes (e.g., reactor tubes) using galvanic isolation techniques. The disclosure is also directed to systems and methods for direct electrical heating of process heaters tubes wherein the tubes are galvanically isolated in such a manner as to avoid the use of electrical insulation of the tube from the rest of the system, such as the other tubes, the tube inlet header and/or the tube outlet header, and the reactor shell.
1. A method of heating a reactor system, wherein the reactor system comprises:
a plurality of heater tubes, wherein each of the plurality of heater tubes has at least one electrically conductive surface; and
wherein fluid enters each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes via an associated inflow pipe header and exits each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes via an associated outflow pipe header; and
wherein the method comprises:
galvanically isolating the plurality of heater tubes such that each of the plurality of heater tubes can be directly connected to the inflow pipe header and the outflow pipe header;
providing electrical energy to the at least one electrically conductive surface of each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes; and
individually adjusting a current level of the electrical energy provided to the at least one electrically conductive surface of each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes to individually control the temperature of each heater tube.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of heater tubes are not electrically insulated.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of heater tubes are galvanically isolated using a plurality of power controllers, the plurality of power controllers mirroring each other in order to produce about zero volts at the inflow pipe header and about zero volts at the outflow pipe header.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of heater tubes are galvanically isolated using a split-phase transformer and grounding points at the inlet and outlet of the heater tube.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a grounding point is connected to the inflow pipe header and a grounding point is connected to the outflow pipe header.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing electrical energy comprises supplying energy from an alternating current power source to the at least one electrically conductive surface of each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing electrical energy comprises supplying energy from a power source to a transformer to produce an alternating current, and supplying the alternating current to the at least one electrically conductive surface of each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein electrical energy is supplied from a plurality of power sources to a plurality of locations on the at least one electrically conductive surface of each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes, thereby forming multiple heating zones within each heater tube.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein, for each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes, electrical energy is supplied from a first power source to a first and second location on the electrically conductive surface and electrical energy is supplied from a second power source to the second and a third location on the electrically conductive surface.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein, for each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes, electrical energy is supplied from a three-phase power source to a transformer;
wherein the first phase from the transformer is directed to a first location on the electrically conductive surface of the heater tube;
wherein the second phase from the transformer is directed to a second location on the electrically conductive surface of the heater tube;
wherein the third phase from the transformer is directed to a third location on the electrically conductive surface of the heater tube; and
wherein multiple heating zones are produced in the heater tube.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein grounding points are present at the inlet and outlet of each heater tube.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the heater tubes comprises an electrically conductive material affixed thereto, and wherein the electrically conductive material affixed thereto forms an electrically conductive surface of each of the heater tube.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the electrically conductive material comprises a metal or alloy selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, copper, aluminium, nickel, tin, brass, iron, platinum, palladium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, niobium, chromium, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes differs in temperature from the temperature of another heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes and wherein the temperature difference between a hottest heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes and a coolest heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes is about 50° C. or less.
15. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
executing, by a controller, a cascade control scheme; and
adjusting a working setpoint of the controller in accordance with the cascade control scheme, wherein a power controller coupled to an electrical energy source is responsive to the working setpoint for adjusting a current level of the electrical energy source to heat each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes to a desired reactor outlet temperature.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of heater tubes has a catalyst disposed therein.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein, for each heater tube of the plurality of heater tubes, the difference in temperature between two points on the surface of the heater tube is about 50° C. or less.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the controller is selected from the group consisting of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, fuzzy logic controller (FLC), programmable logic controller (PLC), linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller, model predictive controller (MPC), adaptive controller, sliding mode controller, and multivariable predictive controller.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing electrical energy comprises supplying energy from a power source that is about 100 V or less.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing electrical energy comprises supplying energy from a power source that is from about 480 V to about 1 kV.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing electrical energy comprises supplying energy from a power source that is from about 1 kV to about 35 kV.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical energy is supplied by a renewable energy source.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the renewable energy source is selected from the group consisting of a solar energy source, wind energy source, geothermal energy source, hydroelectric energy source, or tidal energy source.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor system forms a steam methane reformer, ethylene reactor system, or ammonia cracking system.
25. The method of claim 16 , wherein the catalyst comprises nickel deposited on an oxide substrate.
26. The method of claim 16 , wherein the catalyst comprises nickel deposited on an alumina ceramic substrate.
27. The method of claim 16 , wherein the catalyst comprises from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of nickel based on the total weight of the catalyst.