Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, electrophotographic apparatus, and method of manufacturing electrophotographic photosensitive member
Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that suppresses an image defect resulting from its support and is reduced in long-term potential fluctuation. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support having a cylindrical shape and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, wherein the support has a surface formed of Al and/or an Al alloy, and wherein the IR peak area ratio A of the surface of the support determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy satisfies the following condition: A≥0.50 where the IR peak area ratio A represents a ratio a/z of a peak area “a” in the range of from 1,016 cm −1 or more to 1,130 cm −1 or less to a peak area “z” in the range of from 650 cm −1 or more to 1,130 cm −1 or less.
1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member, comprising:
a support having a cylindrical shape, the support having a surface formed of Al and/or an Al alloy;
an undercoat layer formed on the support, the undercoat layer being a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a polyvinyl butyral resin and a monomer having a blocked isocyanate group, and the cured film containing surface-treated zinc oxide particles;
a charge-generating layer on the undercoat layer, the charge-generating layer containing a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal;
a charge-transporting layer on the charge-generating layer, the charge-transporting layer containing a charge-transporting substance and a polycarbonate resin; and
a protective layer on the charge-transporting layer, the protective layer being a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable acrylic functional group or a polymerizable methacrylic functional group, wherein
A≥0.75 in an IR peak area ratio of the surface of the support determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy when A represents a ratio a/z of a peak area “a” in a range of 1,016-1,130 cm −1 to a peak area “z” in a range of 650-1,130 cm −1 .
2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein B≤0.20 in an IR peak area ratio of the surface of the support determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy when B represents a ratio b/z of a peak area “b” in a range of 831-1,015 cm −1 to the peak area “z”.
3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein 40 nm≤D≤1 μm when X is an element ratio O/Al of an outermost surface of the support determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and D is a depth of a region satisfying a value of X±0.1X.
4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the support is formed of an Al alloy that contains, with respect to a total mass of the Al alloy, 0.6 mass % or less Si, 0.7 mass % or less Fe, 0.05 to 0.20 mass % Cu, 1.0 to 1.5 mass % Mn, and 0.10 mass % or less Zn.
5. A process cartridge, comprising:
an electrophotographic photosensitive member; and
at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, a developing unit and a cleaning unit;
the process cartridge integrally supporting the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the at least one unit, and being removably mounted onto a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus; and
the electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support having a cylindrical shape having a surface formed of Al and/or an Al alloy, with an undercoat a layer formed on the support, the undercoat layer being a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a polyvinyl butyral resin and a monomer having a blocked isocyanate group, and the cured film containing surface-treated zinc oxide particles;
a charge-generating layer on the undercoat layer, the charge-generating layer containing a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal;
a charge-transporting layer on the charge-generating layer, the charge-transporting layer containing a charge-transporting substance and a polycarbonate resin; and
a protective layer on the charge-transporting layer, the protective layer being a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable acrylic functional group or a polymerizable methacrylic functional group, wherein
A≥0.75 in an IR peak area ratio of the surface of the support determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy when A represents a ratio a/z of a peak area “a” in a range of 1,016-1,130 cm −1 to a peak area “z” in a range of 650-1,130 cm −1 .
6. An electrophotographic apparatus, comprising:
an electrophotographic photosensitive member;
a charging unit;
an exposing unit;
a developing unit; and
a transferring unit;
the electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support having a cylindrical shape having a surface formed of Al and/or an Al alloy, with an undercoat layer formed on the support, the undercoat layer being a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a polyvinyl butyral resin and a monomer having a blocked isocyanate group, and the cured film containing surface-treated zinc oxide particles;
a charge-generating layer on the undercoat layer, the charge-generating layer containing a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal;
a charge-transporting layer on the charge-generating layer, the charge-transporting layer containing a charge-transporting substance and a polycarbonate resin; and
a protective layer on the charge-transporting layer, the protective layer being a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable acrylic functional group or a polymerizable methacrylic functional group, wherein
A≥0.75 in an IR peak area ratio of the surface of the support determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy when A represents a ratio a/z of a peak area “a” in a range of 1,016-1,130 cm −1 to a peak area “z” in a range of 650-1,130 cm −1 .
7. A method of manufacturing an
electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support having a cylindrical shape an undercoat layer formed on the support, the undercoat layer being a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a polyvinyl butyral resin and a monomer having a blocked isocyanate group, and the cured film containing surface-treated zinc oxide particles;
a charge-generating layer on the undercoat layer, the charge-generating layer containing a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal;
a charge-transporting layer on the charge-generating layer, the charge-transporting layer containing a charge-transporting substance and a polycarbonate resin; and
a protective layer on the charge-transporting layer, the protective layer being a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable acrylic functional group or a polymerizable methacrylic functional group, comprising the steps of:
forming the support by immersing a cylindrical body formed of Al and/or an Al alloy in pure water, the pure water having a temperature of 91 to 98° C., and the cylindrical body being immersed in the pure water for a time period of 60 to 300 seconds, wherein
A≥0.75 in an IR peak area ratio of the surface of the support determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy when A represents a ratio a/z of a peak area “a” in a range of 1,016-1,130 cm −1 to a peak area “z” in a range of 650-1,130 cm −1 .
8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3 , wherein 40 nm≤D≤81 nm.
9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2 , wherein B≤0.10.
10. The method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 , wherein the pure water has a temperature of 95° C., and the time period is 60 to 240 seconds.
11. The method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 , wherein 40 nm≤D≤1 μm when X is an element ratio O/Al of an outermost surface of the support determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and D is a depth of a region satisfying a value of X±0.1X.
12. The method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 11 , wherein 40 nm≤D≤81 nm.
13. The method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 11 , wherein B≤0.20 in an IR peak area ratio of the surface of the support determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy when B represents a ratio b/z of a peak area “b” in a range of 831-1,015 cm −1 to the peak area “z”.
14. The method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 13 , wherein B≤0.10.