Vertical take-off and landing aircraft with AFT rotor tilting
A vertical take-off and landing aircraft may include a fuselage; at least one wing connected to the fuselage; a first plurality of proprotors mounted to the at least one wing, positioned at least partially forward of a leading edge of the at least one wing, and tiltable between lift configurations for providing lift for vertical take-off and landing of the aircraft and propulsion configurations for providing forward thrust to the aircraft; and a second plurality of proprotors mounted to the at least one wing, positioned at least partially rearward of a trailing edge of the at least one wing, and tiltable between lift configurations for providing lift for vertical take-off and landing of the aircraft and propulsion configurations for providing forward thrust to the aircraft; wherein the first plurality of proprotors and the second plurality of proprotors are independently tiltable.
1. An electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft comprising:
a fuselage;
at least one tail extending from the fuselage;
a single wing that extends across the fuselage or a single pair of wings extending from each side of the fuselage, wherein the single wing or single pair of wings are the only wings of the aircraft;
a first plurality of proprotors mounted to the single wing or single pair of wings, each of the first plurality of proprotors being independently tiltable between a lift configuration for providing lift for vertical take-off and landing of the aircraft and a forward propulsion configuration for providing forward propulsion to the aircraft;
a second plurality of proprotors mounted to the single wing or single pair of wings, each of the second plurality of proprotors being independently tiltable between the lift configuration and the forward propulsion configuration; and
a plurality of booms on each side of the fuselage that are mounted to the single wing or single pair of wings,
wherein each boom of the plurality of booms supports one proprotor of the first plurality of proprotors pivotably mounted to a forward end of the respective boom and one proprotor of the second plurality of proprotors, pivotably mounted to a rearward end of the respective boom, and wherein at least one boom of the plurality of booms merges with a leading edge of the single wing or single pair of wings such that the leading edge of the single wing or single pair of wings is interrupted by the at least one boom and at least a portion of an upper surface of the single wing or single pair of wings overlying the at least one boom is uninterrupted by the at least one boom,
wherein blades of the first plurality of proprotors rotate in a first direction and blades of the second plurality of proprotors rotate in a second direction that is opposite the first direction,
wherein all propulsion available for the aircraft is provided by the first and second plurality of proprotors,
wherein each proprotor is configured to tilt about a respective pivot axis,
wherein each pivot axis is canted relative to a horizontal plane by a respective cant angle, and
wherein the cant angle of each proprotor is different from that of an adjacent proprotor on an adjacent boom.
2. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein an innermost proprotor of the first plurality of proprotors is forward of an outermost proprotor of the first plurality of proprotors and an innermost proprotor of the second plurality of proprotors is rearward of an outermost proprotor of the second plurality of proprotors.
3. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the blades of each proprotor of the first and second plurality of proprotors is 1 to 5 meters.
4. The aircraft of claim 1 , comprising a control system configured to control the first and second plurality of proprotors via a control algorithm that accounts for battery pack energy balance.
5. The aircraft of claim 4 , wherein the control system is configured to control tilting to account for battery pack energy balance.
6. The aircraft of claim 1 , comprising a control system configured to control the first and second plurality of proprotors via a control algorithm that accounts for rotor acoustics.
7. The aircraft of claim 6 , wherein the control system is configured to control tilting of the first and second plurality of proprotors to account for rotor acoustics.
8. The aircraft of claim 1 , comprising a control system configured to differentially tilt at least some proprotors of the first and second plurality of proprotors to generate yawing moments.
9. The aircraft of claim 8 , wherein differentially tilting at least some proprotors of the first and second plurality of proprotors comprises tilting at least a portion of the first and second plurality of proprotors up to 15 degrees from vertical.
10. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a collective attack angle of blades of the proprotors of the first and second plurality of proprotors is adjustable.
11. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the booms decrease in length from innermost booms to outermost booms.
12. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein each proprotor of the first plurality of proprotors and each proprotor of the second plurality of proprotors has at least three blades.
13. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a sum of disc areas of the first plurality of proprotors and the second plurality of proprotors is 1.5 to 3 times a total wing area of the single wing or single pair of wings.
14. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a range of tilt of at least one proprotor of the second plurality of proprotors is up to 110 degrees.
15. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the single wing or single pair of wings is a high wing mounted to an upper side of the fuselage.
16. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein adjacent booms are at different heights such that blades of adjacent proprotors of the first and second plurality of proprotors are at different heights.
17. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein an electric power of at least one of the first plurality of proprotors and the second plurality of proprotors is at least 10 kilowatts.
18. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the aircraft is manned.
19. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a sum of disc areas of the first plurality of proprotors and the second plurality of proprotors is 1.5 to 5 times a total wing area.
20. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a tip speed of blades of each proprotor during hover of the aircraft is 0.3-0.6 Mach.
21. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a maximum thrust capability of each proprotor is 1.6 to 1.7 times a hover thrust requirement for the proprotor.
22. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of booms comprises a total of four booms such that a total number of proprotors that are forward of the single wing or single pair of wings is four and a total number of proprotors that are rearward of the single wing or single pair of wings is four.
23. An aircraft comprising:
a fuselage;
at least one tail extending from the fuselage;
a single wing that extends across the fuselage or a single pair of wings extending from each side of the fuselage, wherein the single wing or single pair of wings are the only wings of the aircraft;
a first plurality of proprotors mounted to the single wing or single pair of wings, each of the first plurality of proprotors being independently tiltable between a lift configuration for providing lift for vertical take-off and landing of the aircraft and a forward propulsion configuration for providing forward propulsion to the aircraft;
a second plurality of proprotors mounted to the single wing or single pair of wings, each of the second plurality of proprotors being independently tiltable between the lift configuration and the forward propulsion configuration; and
a plurality of booms on each side of the fuselage that are mounted to the single wing or single pair of wings,
wherein each boom of the plurality of booms supports one proprotor of the first plurality of proprotors pivotably mounted to a forward end of the respective boom and one proprotor of the second plurality of proprotors, pivotably mounted to a rearward end of the respective boom, and wherein at least one boom of the plurality of booms merges with a leading edge of the single wing or single pair of wings such that the leading edge of the single wing or single pair of wings is interrupted by the at least one boom and at least a portion of an upper surface of the single wing or single pair of wings overlying the at least one boom is uninterrupted by the at least one boom,
wherein blades of the first plurality of proprotors rotate in a first direction and blades of the second plurality of proprotors rotate in a second direction that is opposite the first direction,
wherein all propulsion available for the aircraft is provided by the first and second plurality of proprotors,
wherein each proprotor is configured to tilt about a respective pivot axis,
wherein each pivot axis is canted relative to a horizontal plane by a respective cant angle, and
wherein the cant angle of each proprotor is different from that of an adjacent proprotor on an adjacent boom.
24. The aircraft of claim 23 , wherein blades of the first plurality of proprotors rotate in a first direction and blades of the second plurality of proprotors rotate in a second direction that is opposite the first direction.
25. The aircraft of claim 23 , wherein a diameter of blades of each proprotor of the first and second plurality of proprotors is 1 to 5 meters.
26. The aircraft of claim 23 , comprising a control system configured to control tilting of the first and second plurality of proprotors via a control algorithm to account for battery pack energy balance.
27. The aircraft of claim 23 , comprising a control system configured to control the first and second plurality of proprotors via a control algorithm that accounts for rotor acoustics.
28. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a sum of disc areas of the first plurality of proprotors and the second plurality of proprotors is 1.5 to 5 times a total wing area.
29. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a tip speed of blades of each proprotor during hover of the aircraft is 0.3-0.6 Mach.
30. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein a maximum thrust capability of each proprotor is 1.6 to 1.7 times a hover thrust requirement for the proprotor.
31. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of booms comprises a total of four booms such that a total number of proprotors that are forward of the single wing or single pair of wings is four and a total number of proprotors that are rearward of the single wing or single pair of wings is four.
32. An aircraft comprising:
a fuselage;
a landing gear attached to the fuselage and configured to support the aircraft on a ground;
a tail extending from the fuselage;
a single wing that extends across the fuselage or a single pair of wings extending from each side of the fuselage, wherein the single wing or single pair of wings are the only wings of the aircraft;
a plurality of booms, the plurality of booms comprising:
a first boom mounted to the single wing or single pair of wings;
a second boom mounted to the single wing or single pair of wings, wherein
the second boom is positioned between the first boom and the fuselage;
a plurality of first proprotors, wherein each of the first proprotors is independently tiltable between a lift configuration for providing lift for vertical take-off and landing of the aircraft and a forward propulsion configuration for providing forward propulsion to the aircraft; and
a plurality of second proprotors, wherein each of the second proprotors is independently tiltable between the lift configuration and the forward propulsion configuration, and
wherein
all propulsion available for the aircraft is provided by the first proprotors and the second proprotors,
one proprotor of the first proprotors is pivotably mounted to a forward end of a respective boom of each of the plurality of booms,
one proprotor of the second proprotors is pivotably mounted to a rearward end of the respective boom,
a first height of the first boom relative to the ground is greater than a second height of the second boom relative to the ground,
wherein at least one of the first boom and the second boom merges with a leading edge of the single wing or single pair of wings such that the leading edge of the single wing or single pair of wings is interrupted by the at least one of the first boom and the second boom and at least a portion of an upper surface of the single wing or single pair of wings overlying the at least one of the first boom and the second boom is uninterrupted by the at least one of the first boom and the second boom,
wherein each proprotor is configured to tilt about a respective pivot axis,
wherein each pivot axis is canted relative to a horizontal plane by a respective cant angle, and
wherein the cant angle of each proprotor is different from that of an adjacent proprotor on an adjacent boom.
33. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the at least one boom of the plurality of booms extends below at least a portion of a lower surface of the single wing or single pair of wings.
34. The aircraft of claim 32 , wherein a sum of disc areas of the plurality of first proprotors and the plurality of second proprotors is 1.5 to 5 times a total wing area.
35. The aircraft of claim 32 , wherein a tip speed of blades of each proprotor during hover of the aircraft is 0.3-0.6 Mach.
36. The aircraft of claim 32 , wherein a maximum thrust capability of each proprotor is 1.6 to 1.7 times a hover thrust requirement for the proprotor.
37. The aircraft of claim 32 , wherein the plurality of booms comprises a total of four booms such that a total number of first proprotors is four and a total number of second proprotors is four.