Carrier for forming electrophotographic image, developer for forming electrophotographic image, electrophotographic image forming method, electrophotographic image forming apparatus, and process cartridge
A carrier for forming an electrophotographic image is provided. The carrier comprises a core particle and a coating layer coating the core particle. The coating layer contains chargeable particles and a dispersant. The carrier has an apparent density of from 2.0 g/cm 3 or greater but less than 2.5 g/cm 3 .
1. A carrier for forming an electrophotographic image, comprising:
a core particle; and
a coating layer coating the core particle, the coating layer containing chargeable particles and a dispersant,
wherein the carrier has an apparent density of from 2.0 g/cm 3 or greater but less than 2.5 g/cm 3 , and
wherein the coating layer further contains a defoamer.
2. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersant is at least one dispersant selected from the group consisting of phosphate ester-based surfactants, sulfate ester-based surfactants, sulfonic-acid-based surfactants, and carboxylic-acid-based surfactants.
3. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the core particle has an internal void ratio of 0.0% or greater but less than 2.0%.
4. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the core particle has a surface roughness Rz of 2.0 μm or more but less than 3.0 μm.
5. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the chargeable particles comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of barium sulfate, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and hydrotalcite.
6. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the chargeable particles comprise barium sulfate, and an amount of barium exposed at a surface of the coating layer is 0.1% by atom or greater.
7. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the coating layer further contains inorganic particles other than the chargeable particles.
8. The carrier according to claim 7 , wherein the inorganic particles comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
a doped tin oxide doped with at least one member selected from the group consisting of tungsten, indium, phosphorus, tungsten oxide, indium oxide, and phosphorous oxide; and
particles each comprising a base particle and the doped tin oxide on a surface of the base particle.
9. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the core particle comprises manganese ferrite.
10. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the carrier has a magnetization of 56 Am 2 /kg or greater but less than 73 Am 2 /kg in a magnetic field of 1,000 Oe that is equal to 79.58 kA/m.
11. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersant comprises a phosphate ester-based surfactant.
12. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the defoamer is a silicone-based defoamer.
13. A developer for forming an electrophotographic image, comprising the carrier according to claim 1 .
14. An electrophotographic image forming method comprising
forming an electrostatic latent image on an electrostatic latent image bearer;
developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer with the developer according to claim 13 to form a toner image;
transferring the toner image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer onto a recording medium; and
fixing the toner image on the recording medium.
15. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising:
an electrostatic latent image bearer;
a charger configured to charge the electrostatic latent image bearer;
an irradiator configured to form an electrostatic latent image on the electrostatic latent image bearer;
a developing device containing the developer according to claim 13 , the developing device configured to develop the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer with the developer to form a toner image;
a transfer device configured to transfer the toner image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer onto a recording medium; and
a fixing device configured to fix the toner image on the recording medium.
16. A process cartridge detachably mountable on an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, comprising
an electrostatic latent image bearer;
a charger configured to charge the electrostatic latent image bearer;
a developing device containing the developer according to claim 13 , the developing device configured to develop the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer with the developer to form a toner image;
a cleaner configured to clean the electrostatic latent image bearer.