Peak efficiency tracking in an LLC converter of a multi-stage power conversion system
According to an embodiment, an LLC resonant converter includes a switching bridge having a plurality of power switches. The switching bridge is configured to receive a DC voltage input and generate a square waveform based on a pulse-modulated frequency (PFM) signal at the switching bridge. The LLC resonant converter further includes a resonant tank circuit coupled to the switching bridge. The resonant tank circuit includes a resonant inductor. The resonant tank circuit is excited in response to receiving the square waveform. The PFM signal is adjusted such that an elapsed time between a rising edge of a Drain-Source Voltage of a power switch and a zero-crossing point of current flowing through the resonant inductor falls within a predetermined range corresponding to the resonant tank circuit operating at its resonant frequency.
1. An LLC resonant converter, comprising:
a switching bridge having a plurality of power switches, the switching bridge configured to receive a DC voltage input and generate a square waveform based on a pulse-modulated frequency (PFM) signal at the switching bridge; and
a resonant tank circuit coupled to the switching bridge and comprising a resonant inductor, wherein the resonant tank circuit is excited in response to receiving the square waveform, and wherein the PFM signal is adjusted such that an elapsed time between a rising edge of a Drain-Source Voltage of a power switch and a zero-crossing point of current flowing through the resonant inductor falls within a predetermined range corresponding to the resonant tank circuit operating at its resonant frequency.
2. The LLC resonant converter of claim 1 , wherein the switching bridge is arranged in a half-bridge or a full-bridge topology.
3. The LLC resonant converter of claim 1 , wherein an H-bridge DC-AC converter is couplable to the LLC resonant converter, wherein a modulation index of a sinusoidal pulse-width-modulated (PWM) control signal at the H-bridge DC-AC converter is varied to regulate its output voltage.
4. The LLC resonant converter of claim 1 , wherein the elapsed time is a first elapsed time, wherein the predetermined range is a first predetermined range, and wherein adjusting the PFM signal comprises:
determining a second elapsed time from the rising edge of the Drain-Source Voltage to a peak value of current flowing through the resonant inductor; and
adjusting the PFM signal such that the first elapsed time falls within the first predetermined range and the second elapsed time falls within a second predetermined range corresponding to the resonant tank circuit operating at the resonant frequency.
5. The LLC resonant converter of claim 1 , wherein adjusting the PFM signal comprises sweeping a frequency of the PFM signal across a frequency range.
6. The LLC resonant converter of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined range is stored in a register of a control circuit couplable to the LLC resonant converter, and wherein the predetermined range is determined during production of the LLC resonant converter.
7. The LLC resonant converter of claim 1 , further comprising a resonant current sensing circuit configured to generate a representative voltage signal of current flowing through the resonant inductor, the resonant current sensing circuit comprising a one-turn auxiliary winding inductively coupled to the resonant inductor.
8. A multi-stage power conversion system, comprising:
an LLC resonant converter comprising a switching bridge and a resonant tank circuit;
an H-bridge DC-AC converter coupled to the LLC resonant converter, the H-bridge DC-AC converter configured to generate a regulated output voltage; and
a control circuit configured to:
determine an elapsed time between a rising edge of a Drain-Source Voltage (V DS ) of a power switch in the switching bridge and a zero-crossing point of current flowing through a resonant inductor in the resonant tank circuit,
adjust a pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) signal at the switching bridge such that the elapsed time falls within a predetermined range corresponding to the resonant tank circuit operating at its resonant frequency, and
regulate an output voltage of the H-bridge DC-AC converter by varying a modulation index of a sinusoidal pulse-width-modulated (PWM) control signal at the H-Bridge DC-AC converter.
9. The multi-stage power conversion system of claim 8 , wherein the elapsed time is a first elapsed time, wherein the predetermined range is a first predetermined range, and wherein adjusting the PFM signal comprises:
determining a second elapsed time from the rising edge of the Drain-Source Voltage to a peak value of current flowing through the resonant inductor; and
adjusting the PFM signal such that the first elapsed time falls within the first predetermined range and the second elapsed time falls within a second predetermined range corresponding to the resonant tank circuit operating at the resonant frequency.
10. The multi-stage power conversion system of claim 8 , wherein adjusting the PFM signal comprises sweeping a frequency of the PFM signal across a frequency range.
11. The multi-stage power conversion system of claim 8 , wherein the control circuit is further configured to:
compare an input voltage of the multi-stage power conversion system to a threshold range; and
generate a signal indicating that the input voltage is outside an operating range of the multi-stage power conversion system in response to the input voltage being outside the threshold range.
12. The multi-stage power conversion system of claim 8 , further comprising a resonant current sensing circuit configured to generate a representative voltage signal of current flowing through the resonant inductor, the resonant current sensing circuit comprising a one-turn auxiliary winding inductively coupled to the resonant inductor.
13. The multi-stage power conversion system of claim 12 , wherein the LLC resonant converter is a DC-DC LLC step-up power converter coupled to an output of a DC power source operating at 12, 24, or 48 volts.
14. The multi-stage power conversion system of claim 8 , wherein the control circuit comprises:
a processor configured to execute instructions to operate the multi-stage power conversion system;
an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) configured to convert analog current and voltage measurements from the multi-stage power conversion system to digital values; and
a memory storage configured to store the predetermined range.
15. A method for operating a multi-stage power conversion system comprising an LLC resonant converter and an H-bridge DC-AC converter, the method comprising:
determining an elapsed time between a rising edge of a Drain-Source Voltage (V DS ) of a power switch in a switching bridge of the LLC resonant converter and a zero-crossing point of current flowing through a resonant inductor in a resonant tank circuit of the LLC resonant converter;
adjusting a pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) signal at the switching bridge such that the elapsed time falls within a predetermined range corresponding to the resonant tank circuit operating at its resonant frequency; and
regulating an output voltage of the H-bridge DC-AC converter by varying a modulation index of a sinusoidal pulse-width-modulated (PWM) control signal at the H-Bridge DC-AC converter.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the elapsed time is a first elapsed time, wherein the predetermined range is a first predetermined range, and wherein adjusting the PFM signal comprises:
determining a second elapsed time from the rising edge of the Drain-Source Voltage to a peak value of current flowing through the resonant inductor; and
adjusting the PFM signal such that the first elapsed time falls within the first predetermined range and the second elapsed time falls within a second predetermined range corresponding to the resonant tank circuit operating at the resonant frequency.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein adjusting the PFM signal comprises sweeping a frequency of the PFM signal across a frequency range.
18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
comparing an input voltage of the multi-stage power conversion system to a threshold range; and
generating a signal indicating that the input voltage is outside an operating range of the multi-stage power conversion system in response to the input voltage being outside the threshold range.
19. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
generating, by a resonant current sensing circuit, a representative voltage signal of current flowing through the resonant inductor, the resonant current sensing circuit comprising a one-turn auxiliary winding inductively coupled to the resonant inductor.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein adjusting the PFM signal comprises:
comparing the elapsed time with the predetermined range at a start of each cycle of the PFM signal; and
sweeping a frequency of the PFM signal such that the elapsed time matches the predetermined range.