Anode protective layer for lithium-sulfur cylindrical cells
A lithium-sulfur battery including an anode, a cathode, a separator, and an electrolyte is provided. The lithium-sulfur battery may be formed as a jelly roll. The anode may output lithium cations (Li + ) and a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) may be formed on the anode. A protective layer may be formed at least partially within and on the SEI. In addition, the protective layer may be positioned proximal to the anode and include wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets and fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates. For example, multiple wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets may be adjoined to one another by flexure points, where each flexure point may provide exposed carbon atoms. In this way, the fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates may be grafted onto at least some exposed carbon atoms. At least some fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates may be compatible with polymerization and cross-linking with one another responsive to exposure to one or more of free-radical initiators or an ultraviolet (UV) energetic environment.
1. A lithium-sulfur battery comprising:
an anode;
a solid-electrolyte interphase formed on the anode;
a protective layer formed at least partially within and on the solid-electrolyte interphase, the protective layer positioned proximal to the anode and comprising:
a plurality of wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets adjoined to one another by flexure points, each flexure point providing exposed carbon atoms; and
a plurality of fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates grafted onto at least some of the exposed carbon atoms, at least some fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates compatible with polymerization and cross-linking with one another responsive to exposure to one or more of free-radical initiators or an ultraviolet (UV) energetic environment;
a cathode positioned opposite to the anode;
a separator positioned between the cathode and the anode; and
an electrolyte in contact with the anode and dispersed throughout the cathode, wherein the lithium-sulfur battery is formed as a shell including a jelly roll.
2. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the one or more fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates terminate in a plurality of fluoride ions.
3. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 2 , wherein at least some of the fluoride ions are configured to dissociate from their respective fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates by participating in a Wurtz reaction occurring within the protective layer and produce a plurality of dissociated fluoride ions.
4. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 3 , wherein at least some of the dissociated fluoride ions combine with at least some lithium cations (Li + ) output by the anode.
5. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode is formed without one or more anode tabs.
6. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , further comprising an anode current collector coupled with the anode.
7. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , further comprising a cathode current collector coupled with the cathode.
8. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the lithium-sulfur battery is formed as one or more of a 18650 type cell, a 26650 type cell, or a 21700 type cell.
9. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode includes a three-dimensional scaffold.
10. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 9 , wherein the three-dimensional scaffold comprises:
a first region having a first concentration level of interconnected non-hollow carbon spherical (NHCS) particles; and
a second region having a second concentration level of interconnected NHCS particles, wherein the second concentration level of interconnected NHCS particles is lower than the first concentration level of interconnected NHCS particles.
11. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 10 , wherein the three-dimensional scaffold further comprises a plurality of multi-porous pathways formed between adjacent NHCS particles and within individual NHCS particles.
12. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 11 , wherein the one or more of the multi-porous pathways are configured to at least temporarily micro-confine elemental sulfur.
13. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates comprise one or more monomers including 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-Dodecafluoroheptyl acrylate (DFHA), 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-Heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (HDFDMA), 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoropentyl methacrylate (OFPMA), Tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate (TFPM), 3-[3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)propyl]bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl methacrylate (HFA monomer), or vinyl-based monomers including 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorostyrene (PFSt).
14. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the protective layer has a thickness approximately between 0.001 μm and 5 μm.
15. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the free-radical initiators include one or more of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) or azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN).
16. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the protective layer includes between approximately 0.001 wt. % and 2 wt. % of the plurality of fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates.
17. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the protective layer further comprises:
an interface layer in contact with the anode; and
a cap layer disposed on top of the interface layer.
18. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 17 , wherein the interface layer is formed at contact surfaces between the anode and the protective layer responsive to one or more chemical reactions including a Wurtz reaction.
19. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 17 , wherein the interface layer includes one or more cross-linkable monomers including methacrylate (MA), acrylate, vinyl functional groups, or a combination of epoxy and amine functional groups.
20. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 17 , wherein the cap layer is characterized by a density gradient associated with one or more self-healing properties to the cap layer.
21. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 20 , wherein the density gradient is configured to strengthen the protective layer.
22. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the protective layer further comprises:
between 5 weight percent (wt. %) and 100 wt. % of carbonaceous materials; and
up to 95 wt. % of the fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates.
23. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the jelly roll is formed by winding at least the anode and the cathode together.
24. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , further comprising an anode current collector coupled to the anode, wherein the protective layer is configured to prevent delamination of lithium from the anode current collector.
25. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the protective layer comprises a carbon-containing electrically-conductive adhesive material that comprises:
a first type of functionalized graphene moiety; and
a second type of functionalized graphene moiety, wherein the first type of functionalized graphene moiety and the second type of functionalized graphene moiety are dissimilar relative to each other.
26. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 25 , wherein the first type of functionalized graphene moiety and the second type of functionalized graphene moiety are configured to cross-link with each other and form a uniform medium.
27. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 26 , wherein the uniform medium is one or more of an electrically-conductive medium or a thermally-conductive medium.
28. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 25 , wherein the first type of functionalized graphene moiety and the second type of functionalized graphene moiety are collectively configured to form one or more complementary functional group pairs comprising:
an amine group and an epoxy group;
a thiol group and one or more of a plurality of carbon-carbon double bonds or a plurality of triple bonds;
an amine group and a carboxyl group; or
hydrosilane (—Si—H) and one or more of a plurality of carbon-carbon double bonds or a plurality of triple bonds.
29. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the jelly roll is formed as a cylindrical cell comprising a shell defining an interior volume.
30. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 29 , wherein the shell has a diameter between 18.4 millimeters (mm) and 18.6 mm and a length between 65.1 mm and 65.3 mm.
31. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 1 , wherein the jelly roll is formed as a prismatic cell comprising a shell defining an interior volume.
32. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 31 , wherein the shell has a height between 56 millimeters (mm) and 58 mm, a length between 34 mm and 36 mm, and a width between 6 mm and 8 mm.
33. The lithium-sulfur battery of claim 31 , wherein the shell is congruent with a CP3553 cell.