Bird or bat detection and identification for wind turbine risk mitigation
An automated system for mitigating risk from a wind turbine includes a plurality of optical imaging sensors. A controller receives and analyzes images from the optical imaging sensors to automatically send a signal to curtail operation of the wind turbine to a predetermined risk mitigating level when the controller determines from images received from the optical imaging sensors that an airborne animal is at risk from the wind turbine.
1. An automated system for mitigating risk to a bird or bat from a wind turbine, the automated system comprising:
a plurality of optical imaging sensors attached to a tower supporting a wind turbine at a height above ground level and arranged with a combined field of view of about 360 degrees around the wind turbine; and
a controller configured to automatically receive and analyze images from the plurality of optical imaging sensors and to send a first signal to curtail operation of the wind turbine to a predetermined risk mitigating level when the controller determines from images received from the plurality of optical imaging sensors that an airborne animal is a bird or bat within a mitigation distance (R) surrounding the wind turbine,
wherein the controller subsequently automatically sends a second signal to resume normal operation of the wind turbine when the controller determines from additional images from the plurality of optical imaging sensors that the bird or bat is outside the mitigation distance R.
2. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the height above ground level is selected from a range that is greater than or equal to 5 meters and less than or equal to 30 meters.
3. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined risk mitigating level is a wind turbine operating speed less than or equal to 1 rpm.
4. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of optical imaging sensors comprises:
a plurality of wide field of view (WFOV) cameras mounted with fixed fields of view; and
two or more high resolution cameras arranged to provide stereoscopic imaging from overlapping fields of view to track birds or bats flying in at least one fixed field of view of at least one WFOV camera.
5. The automated system of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of WFOV cameras are attached to the tower and are arranged with overlapping fields of view and with a combined field of view of 360 degrees as measured in a horizontal plane perpendicular to the tower.
6. The automated system of claim 5 , wherein at least one of the WFOV cameras is arranged with its field of view tilted upward to provide substantially hemispherical coverage around the wind turbine.
7. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the mitigation distance R is measured from one or more of:
a base of the tower;
a nacelle of the wind turbine;
a location on the wind turbine;
a location of one or more of the optical imaging sensors attached to the tower; or
any other location of the tower.
8. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of optical imaging sensors is configured to image the airborne animal at an infrared wavelength.
9. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein R is greater than or equal to 600 m and less than or equal to 1000 m.
10. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to automatically send the first signal to curtail operation if the bird or bat is within 600 m of the wind turbine and is approaching the wind turbine.
11. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of optical imaging sensors are attached to two or more towers, wherein each tower supports a unique wind turbine within a wind farm.
12. The automated system of claim 11 , wherein at least some of the mitigation distances from the unique wind turbine-mounted systems overlap.
13. The automated system of claim 11 , wherein the controller is configured to individually curtail operation and individually resume normal operation of each of the plurality of wind turbines.
14. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the controller detects the airborne animal at a distance from the wind turbine greater than 800 meters.
15. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the controller analyzes images from the plurality of optical imaging sensors to determine the size, speed, and/or direction of travel of the bird or bat at a distance that is greater than R.
16. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the mitigation distance R is selected to provide sufficient time for operation of the wind turbine to be curtailed to a wind turbine speed that is less than or equal to 1 rpm before the detected bird or bat can reach a volume swept by the wind turbine blades.
17. The automated system of claim 1 further comprising: a deterrent system, wherein the controller is configured to automatically send a signal to the deterrent system to deploy a deterrent if the controller determines from images received from the optical imaging sensors that the bird or bat is approaching the wind turbine and is at a distance from the wind turbine that is greater than R.
18. The automated system of claim 17 , wherein the deterrent system comprises flashing lights and/or sounds.
19. The automated system of claim 17 , wherein the controller is configured to automatically send a signal to the deterrent system to deploy a deterrent for an airborne animal less than 800 m from the wind turbine.
20. The automated system of claim 1 , wherein the controller determines whether a bird or bat is a member of a protected species based on color, shape, size, flight characteristics from the images from the plurality of optical imaging sensors and the first signal is sent only for the bird or bat that is the member of the protected species.
21. A method for mitigating risk of an airstrike to a bird or bat by a wind turbine, the method comprising the steps of:
optically imaging an airborne animal with a plurality of optical imaging sensors wherein at least some of the optical imaging sensors are attached to a tower supporting a wind turbine at a height above ground level and arranged with a combined field of view of about 360 degrees around the wind turbine;
providing images from the plurality of optical imaging sensors to a controller;
analyzing the images with the controller to determine if the airborne animal is a bird or bat within a mitigation distance R from the wind turbine;
sending a first signal to curtail operation of the wind turbine to a predetermined risk mitigating level when the controller determines that the bird or bat is within the mitigation distance R; and
sending a second signal to resume normal operation of the wind turbine when the controller determines that the bird or bat is at a distance from the wind turbine that is greater than the mitigation distance R.