IP Library Granted Patent US 12,460,168
Granted Patent B2
US 12,460,168 · App. 18/746,891 · Granted Nov 4, 2025

Packed-bed bioreactor systems and methods of using the same

Inventors: Ann MeeJin Ferrie (Salem, NH); Vasiliy Nikolaevich Goral (Painted Post, NY); Lori Eileen Romeo (Elmira Heights, NY)
Assignee: CORNING INCORPORATED
C12M25/14C12M23/02C12M23/20C12M23/44C12M25/04C12M29/10C12M29/26C12M41/26C12M25/02C12N5/0068C12N5/0602C12N2513/00C12N2533/30C12N2533/40C12N2533/90C12N2535/00
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,460,168
App. No.
18/746,891
Granted
Nov 4, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

A cell culture matrix is provided that has a substrate with a first side, a second side opposite the first side, a thickness separating the first side and the second side, and a plurality of openings formed in the substrate and passing through the thickness of the substrate. The plurality of openings allow flow of at least one of cell culture media, cells, or cell products through the thickness of the substrate, and provides a uniform, efficient, and scalable matrix for cell seeding, proliferation, and culturing. The substrate can be formed from a woven polymer mesh material that provides a high surface area to volume ratio for cells and good fluid flow through the matrix. Bioreactor systems incorporating the cell culture matrix and related methods are also provided.

Claims (32)

1 . A method of culturing cells in a bioreactor system the method comprising:

providing a bioreactor system comprising:

a cell culture vessel comprising a first end, a second end, and at least one reservoir between the first and second ends; and

a cell culture matrix disposed in the at least one reservoir, the cell culture matrix comprising a plurality of woven substrates each comprising a plurality of interwoven fibers with surfaces configured for adhering cells thereto,

wherein the bioreactor system is configured to flow material through the at least one reservoir in a flow direction from the first end to the second end, and

wherein the substrates of the plurality of woven substrates are stacked such that each woven substrate is substantially perpendicular to the flow direction

seeding cells on the cell culture matrix;

culturing the cells on the cell culture matrix; and

harvesting a product of the culturing of the cells,

wherein the plurality of openings in the substrate is configured to allow flow of at least one of cell culture media, cells, or cell products through the thickness of the substrate.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the seeding comprises attaching the cells to the substrate.

3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the seeding comprises injecting a cell inoculum directly into the cell culture matrix.

4 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising perfusing cell culture media through the culture chamber after injecting the cell inoculum.

5 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing a media conditioning vessel fluidly connected to the bioreactor vessel and supplying the cell culture media from the media conditioning vessel to the bioreactor vessel.

6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein, during or after culturing, at least a portion of the media is recovered from the bioreactor vessel and returned to the media conditioning vessel.

7 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling the flow of cell culture media to the cell culture chamber, wherein the cell culture media comprises at least one of cells, cell culture nutrients, or oxygen.

8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrates of the plurality of woven substrates are stacked such that each woven substrate is substantially parallel to each of the other woven substrates.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the product comprises at least one of cultured cells, proteins, antibodies, and viral particles.

10 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

measuring an aspect of the media that is being perfused through the fixed-bed bioreactor; and

controlling a perfusion flow rate of the media based on at least in part the measuring of the aspect of the media during the culture of the cells.

11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein, during the seeding of the cells, the media is perfused at a seeding flow rate, the seeding flow rate being less than or equal to a predetermined flow rate threshold,

wherein the predetermined flow rate threshold is configured to be sufficient to enable the cells to resist falling out of the cell culture matrix due to gravity and low enough to prevent the cells from being substantially washed out of the cell culture matrix, thereby tumbling the cells within the fixed-bed bioreactor.

12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the aspect of the media that is measured comprises at least one of oxygen, pH, and cell nutrient.

13 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the perfusion flow rate is controlled to maintain an oxygen content of media at an exit of the fixed-bed bioreactor about a predetermined threshold oxygen value.

14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the predetermined threshold oxygen value is greater than or equal to 45% pO 2 saturation.

15 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the media has a uniform flow rate throughout the cell culture matrix during at least a portion of the method of culturing cells.

16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the uniform flow rate of the media through the cell culture matrix comprises less than a 2.5% deviation from a mean velocity of the media through the cell culture matrix.

17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the plurality of woven substrates are not separated by a spacer material or barrier.

18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the product comprises cultured cells, and the cultured cells that are harvested comprise at least about 80% viable cells.

19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the cultured cells that are harvested comprise at least about 90% viable cells.

20 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the cultured cells that are harvested comprise at least about 95% viable cells.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Jun 24, 2024
From: FERRIE, ANN MEEJIN; GORAL, VASILIY NIKOLAEVICH; ROMEO, LORI E.
To: CORNING INCORPORATED
Reel/Frame 067816/0519 →
Continuity (5)
Continuation 18206501 · Jun 6, 2023
Division 16781807 · Feb 4, 2020
Provisional Application 62910696 · Oct 4, 2019
Provisional Application 62801325 · Feb 5, 2019
Related Publication 20240336883A1 · Oct 10, 2024
References Cited (242)
US 1143460A · Stull · 1915 [cited by applicant]
US 3853712A · House et al. · 1974 [cited by applicant]
US 4201845A · Feder et al. · 1980 [cited by applicant]
US 4755281A · Penick · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4833083A · Saxena · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4994388A · Hillegas et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5012503A · Nambu et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5057221A · Bryant et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5079168A · Amiot · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5266476A · Sussman et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5501971A · Freedman et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5510262A · Stephanopoulos et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5759830A · Vacanti et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5840777A · Eagles et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5843766A · Applegate et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5998184A · Shi · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6054142A · Li et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6130080A · Fuller · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6150159A · Fry · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6284284B1 · Naughton · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6334968B1 · Shapiro et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6875605B1 · Ma · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6995013B2 · Connelly et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7122371B1 · Ma · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7449331B2 · Whitley · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7524513B2 · Hai-Quan et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7674837B2 · Gaserod et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7700747B2 · Sato · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7771992B2 · McCormick · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7968050B2 · Vogt et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8017384B2 · Tsai et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8137959B2 · Castillo Fernandez · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8158427B2 · Wilson et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8198087B2 · Bayon et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8507263B2 · Asnaghi et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8597939B2 · Castillo Fernandez · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8653319B2 · Amery et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8721963B2 · Matthews et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8951574B2 · Gehri et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 8951784B2 · Gould et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9089117B2 · Grande et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9175259B2 · Nankervis · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9198997B2 · Myntti et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9217129B2 · Moretti et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9220810B2 · Ma et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9228579B2 · Stobbe · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9273278B2 · Lee et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9617506B2 · Jones et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9657266B2 · Kasuto et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9677038B2 · Stobbe · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9694037B2 · Nataraj et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9766228B2 · Puschmann et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9957485B2 · Kapre · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10077420B2 · Blahut · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10494421B2 · Castillo · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 11111470B2 · Ferrie et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11118151B2 · Ferrie et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11401493B2 · Ferrie et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11434460B2 · Ferrie et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11639489B2 · Ferrie et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11692161B2 · Ferrie et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20020055166A1 · Cannon et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020155594A1 · Hsieh et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20040152149A1 · Reid et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040211747A1 · Whitley · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050014774A1 · Storer et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20080057561A1 · Takahashi et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080194010A1 · Liu · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080206735A1 · Asgari · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090076530A1 · Fukutomi et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090196901A1 · Guilak et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090239298A1 · Gerecht et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090263601A1 · Renn · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100196963A1 · Naughton et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100203638A1 · Adachi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100216229A1 · Kenney et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110040226A1 · Amery et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110111504A1 · Knebel et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110212493A1 · Hirschel et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110236256A1 · Matthews et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110250679A1 · Chang · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110263021A1 · Stobbe · 2011 [cited by examiner]
US 20110275056A1 · Antwiler · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120129257A1 · Yu et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120183987A1 · Gevaert et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120253071A1 · Rau et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130087246A1 · Bellqvist et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130116571A1 · Cox et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130171710A1 · Prebble · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140030805A1 · Kasuto et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140193901A1 · Lee et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140227769A1 · Strobbe · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140243995A1 · Kolewe et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150299634A1 · Drugmand et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150322399A1 · Purushothaman et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160145567A1 · Henry et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160281045A1 · McCall et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160304832A1 · Hariri et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170166859A1 · Wang et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170321178A1 · Ling et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180016547A1 · Hagihara et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180044622A1 · Poon et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180187139A1 · Patel · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180187141A1 · Cox et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180195048A1 · Rao · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180273891A1 · Tanabe et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180282678A1 · Castillo et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190062683A1 · Nankervis et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190134271A1 · Seo et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190275519A1 · Castillo et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190382709A1 · Vang et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200157493A1 · Ginn et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200248120A1 · Ferrie et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200248121A1 · Ferrie et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200248122A1 · Ferrie et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200248123A1 · Ferrie et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200248124A1 · Ferrie et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200255783A1 · Ferrie et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200291348A1 · Bear et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210024868A1 · Ferrie et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210115378A1 · Fahmy · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210130761A1 · Ferrie et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210198635A1 · Tanabe et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210246575A1 · Yadavalli et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 200940147Y · 2007 [cited by applicant]
CN 101605460A · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CN 102250390A · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CN 103113627A · 2013 [cited by applicant]
CN 104212714A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 204079991U · 2015 [cited by applicant]
CN 105492595A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 108315258A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
DE 3536349A1 · 1987 [cited by applicant]
EP 0044624A1 · 1982 [cited by applicant]
EP 0300666A1 · 1989 [cited by applicant]
EP 0967273A1 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
EP 1245670A2 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
EP 2154241A2 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
EP 2553860A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
EP 2566950A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
EP 3452575A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
JP 62171672A · 1987 [cited by applicant]
JP 05179381A · 1993 [cited by applicant]
JP 2001120255A · 2001 [cited by applicant]
JP 2008054521A · 2008 [cited by applicant]
JP 2013063283A · 2013 [cited by applicant]
JP 2016136868A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 8800235A1 · 1988 [cited by applicant]
WO 9207615A1 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
WO 9850522A1 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
WO 0005257A1 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO 0103750A1 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO 2005014774A1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO 2005023323A1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006088029A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2011123805A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO 2011139957A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO 2012140519A2 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014093444A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014133805A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014209856A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014209865A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015005349A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016200888A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017193075A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017204563A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018021367A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018051415A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018187808A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019090211A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019104069A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019175442A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019206902A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020163329A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2021091683A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO 2021108072A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO 2022076519A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
Da Violante et al; “Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide {DMSO) On Caco2/TC7 Colon Tumor Cell Cultures”; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25 (12) pp. 1600-1603 (2002. [cited by applicant]
Fang, Y. et al., “Rehydration of Dried Alginate Gel Beads: Effect of the Presence of Gelatin and Gum Arabic.” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 86, pp. 1145-1150, Jun. 13, 2011. [cited by applicant]
Gong et al; “The Physical and Chemical Properties of Alginate and Its Application in Tissue Engineering Research and Clinical Application”; China Tissue Engineering Research and Clinical Rehabilitation, vol. 11, No. 18 … [cited by applicant]
Hoch et al; “Chemical Tailoring of Gelatin To Adjust Its Chemical and Physical Properties for Functional Bioprinting”; J. Mater. Chem. B, 2013, 1,230; p. 5675-5685. [cited by applicant]
Kuo et al., “Ionically Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogels As Scalolds For Tissue Engineering: Part 1. Structure, Gelation Rate And Mechanical Properties”, Biomaterials, vol. 22, 2001, pp. 511-521. [cited by applicant]
Lee et al; “Toxicity Evaluation of Ethanol Treatment During in Vitro Maturation of Procine Oocytes and Subsequent Embroyonic Development Following Parthenogenetic Activation and in Vitro Fertilization”; International Jo… [cited by applicant]
Lesch et al; “Process Development of Adenoviral Vector Production in Fixed Bed Bioreactor: From Bench To Commercial Scale”; Human Gene Therapy, vol. 26, No. 8, (2015). [cited by applicant]
Lonza, “Protocol for Performing a Trypan Blue Viability Test Technical Reference Guide”, Available Online at <https://web.archive.org/web/20180921014905/http://www.Ionzabio.jp/catalog/pdf/ri/T204.pdf>, BioResearch, Sep.… [cited by applicant]
Moczulska et al; “Biological Characterization of Woven Fabric Using Two-And Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures”; Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A; Apr. 2012 vol. 100A, Issue 4, pp. 882-893 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.3402… [cited by applicant]
Oberdoerster et al; “Differential Effect of Ethanol On PC12 Cell Death”; The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; vol. 287, No. 1; pp. 359-365 (1998. [cited by applicant]
Rainger et al; “A Novel System for Investigating the Ability of Smooth Muscle Cells and Fibroblasts To Regulate Adhesion of Flowing Leukocytes To Endothelial Cells”; Journal of Immimmunological Methods; 255 (2001) 73-82. [cited by applicant]
Rodenhizer et al; “Development of Tracer: Tissue Roll for Analysis of Cellular Environment and Response”; Biofabrication, 8 (045008) 18 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Santagapita, P. et al., “Formulation and Drying of Alginate Beads for Controlled Release and Stabilization of Invertase.” Biomacromolecules vol. 12, pp. 3147-3155, Aug. 18, 2011. [cited by applicant]
Tapani et al; “Toxicity of Ethanol in Low Concentrations”; Acta Radiologica; 37:6; pp. 923-926; (1996). [cited by applicant]
Vreeker, R et al., “Drying and Rehydration of Calcium Alginate Gels.” Food Biophysics, vol. 3, pp. 361-369, Jun. 26, 2008. [cited by applicant]
Andersen et al., “Ionically Gelled Alginate Foams: Physical Properties Controlled by Operational and Macromolecular Parameter”, American Chemical Society, Biomacromolecules, vol. 13, 2012, pp. 3703-3710. [cited by applicant]
Arboleya et al., “Competitive Adsorption Of Proteins With Methylcellulose And Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose”, Food Hydrocolloids, vol. 19, No. 3, May 2005, pp. 485-491. [cited by applicant]
Baker et al., “Deconstructing The Third Dimension—How 3D Culture Microenvironments Alter Cellular Cues”, Journal of Cell Science, vol. 125, 2012, pp. 3015-3024. [cited by applicant]
Barbetta et al., “Porous Alginate Hydrogels: Synthetic Methods for Tailoring the Porous Texture”, Biomacromolecules, vol. 10, 2009, pp. 2328-2337. [cited by applicant]
Baylon et al; “Past, Present and Future of Surgical Meshes: a Review”; Membranes 2017, 47, 17; 23 Pages doi:10.3390/membranes7030047. [cited by applicant]
Bokhari et al., “Emulsion-templated Porous Polymers As Scaffolds For Three Dimensional Cell Culture: Effect Of Synthesis Parameters On Scaffold Formation And Homogeneity”, Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 17, Jul. 2… [cited by applicant]
Cereijido, M., “Polarized monolayers formed by epithelial cells on a permeable and translucent support”, The Journal of Cell Biology, 1978, vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 853-880. [cited by applicant]
Champagne et al. “Effect of Immobilization in Alginate on the Stability of Freeze-Dried Bffidobacterium longum”, Bioscience Microflora, 1996, vol. 15(1), pp. 9-15. [cited by applicant]
Da Violante et al; “Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide {DMSO) On Caco2/TC7 Colon Tumor Cell Cultures”; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25 (12) , 2002, pp. 1600-1603. [cited by applicant]
Dickinson, Eric, “Hydrocolloids At Interfaces And The Influence On The Properties Of Dispersed Systems”, Food Hydrocolloids, vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 25-39. [cited by applicant]
Emmerling et al; “Rational plasmid design and bioprocess optimization to enhance recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) productivity in mammalian cells”; Biotechnol. J. 2016, 11, pp. 290-297. [cited by applicant]
Fang, Y. et al., “Rehydration of Dried Alginate Gel Beads: Effect of the Presence of Gelatin and Gum Arabic.” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 86, Jun. 13, 2011, pp. 1145-1150. [cited by applicant]
Galvao et al; “Unexpected Low-Dose Toxicity of the Universal Solvent Dmso”; the Faseb Journal, Research Communication, vol. 28, (2014); pp. 1-14. [cited by applicant]
Gong et al; “The Physical and Chemical Properties of Alginate and Its Application in Tissue Engineering Research and Clinical Application”; China Tissue Engineering Research and Clinical Rehabilitation, vol. 11, No. 18,… [cited by applicant]
Gunter et al. “Swelling and morphology of calcium pectinate gel beads obtained from Silene vulgaris callus modified pectins”, Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014, vol. 103, pp. 550-557. [cited by applicant]
Hoch et al; “Chemical Tailoring of Gelatin To Adjust Its Chemical and Physical Properties for Functional Bioprinting”; J. Mater. Chem. B, 2013, 1,230; pp. 5675-5685. [cited by applicant]
House et al; “Method for Bulk Culture of Animal Cells On Plastic Film”; Expreimental Cell Research 71 (1972), pp. 293-296. [cited by applicant]
Huang et al., “Research Trypsin-Induced Proteome Alteration During Cell Subculture In Mammalian Cells”, Huang et al. Journal of Biomedical Science, vol. 17, No. 36, 2010, pp. 1-10. [cited by applicant]
Hwang et al., “Fabrication Of Three-Dimensional Porous Cell-Laden Hydrogel For Tissue Engineering”, IOP Publishing, Biofabrication, vol. 2,035003, 2010, pp. 1-12. [cited by applicant]
Ji-Soo Lee et al: “Optimization of calcium pectinate gel beads for sustained-release of catechin using response surface methodology”, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules., vol. 42, No. 4, Jan. 18, 2008 (J… [cited by applicant]
Knight; “Multisurface Glass Roller Bodle for Growth of Animal Cells in Culture” ; Applied Environmental Microbiology, vol. 33, No. 3, 1977, pp. 666-669. [cited by applicant]
Kuo et al., “Ionically Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogels As Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering: Part 1. Structure, Gelation Rate And Mechanical Properties”, Biomaterials, vol. 22, 2001, pp. 511-521. [cited by applicant]
Kuo, S. M., et al., “Plasma-modified Nylon Meshes as Supports for Cell Culturing”, Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology, vol. 25, No. 6, 1997, pp. 551-562. [cited by applicant]
Lawrence, Benjamin J., “Mass Transfer In Porous Tissue Engineering Scaffolds”, Oklahoma State University, 2008, 193 pages. [cited by applicant]
Lee et al., “Optimization of Calcium Pectinate Gel Beads for Sustained-Release of Catechin Using Response Surface Methodology”, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules., vol. 42, No. 4, Jan. 18, 2008, pp. 340… [cited by applicant]
Lee et al; “Toxicity Evaluation of Ethanol Treatment During in Vitro Maturation of Procine Oocytes and Subsequent Embroyonic Development Following Parthenogenetic Activation and in Vitro Fertilization”; International Jo… [cited by applicant]
Leo et al. “Effects of Sterilization Treatments on Some Properties of Alginate Solutions and Gels”, Biotechnol. Prog., 1990, vol. 6, pp. 51-53. [cited by applicant]
Lesch et al; “Process Development of Adenoviral Vector Production in Fixed Bed Bioreactor: From Bench To Commercial Scale”; Human Gene Therapy, vol. 26, No. 8, (2015), 13 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Liu et al., “Effect Of 3D Scaffold And Dynamic Culture Condition On The Global Gene Expression Profile Of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells”, Biomaterials; vol. 27, No. 36, Dec. 2006, pp. 5978-5989. [cited by applicant]
Lonza, “Protocol for Performing a Trypan Blue Viability Test Technical Reference Guide”, Available Online at <https://web.archive.org/web/20180921014905/http://www.lonzabio.jp/catalog/pdf/ri/T204.pdf>, BioResearch, Sep.… [cited by applicant]
Moczulska et al; “Biological Characterization of Woven Fabric Using Two-And Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures”; Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A; Apr. 2012 vol. 100A, Issue 4, pp. 882-893. [cited by applicant]
Moroni et al; “3D Fiber-Deposited Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Influence of Pores Geometry and Architecture On Dynamic Mechanical Properties”; Biomaterials, vol. 27, 2006, pp. 974-985. [cited by applicant]
Mseka et al., “ADF/Cofilin Family Proteins Control Formation Of Oriented Actin-filament Bundles In The Cell Body To Trigger Fibroblast Polarization”, Journal of Cell Science, vol. 120, 2007, pp. 4332-4344. [cited by applicant]
Munarin et al. “Sterilization treatments on polysaccharides: Effects and side effects on pectin” , Food Hydrocolloids, 2013, vol. 31, pp. 74-84. [cited by applicant]
Nasatto et al., “Methylcellulose, a Cellulose Derivative with Original Physical Properties and Extended Applications”, Polymers, vol. 7, 2015, pp. 777-803. [cited by applicant]
Neethu et al., “Pectin/carboxymethyl cellulose/microfibrillated cellulose composite scaffolds for tissue engineering”, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 98, No. 1, Jul. 7, 2013, pp. 877-885. [cited by applicant]
Oberdoerster et al; “Differential Effect of Ethanol On PC12 Cell Death”; the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; vol. 287, No. 1; 1998, pp. 359-365. [cited by applicant]
Portner et al; “Fixed Bed Reactors for the Cultivation of Mammalian Cells: Design, Performance and Scale-Up”; The Open Biotechnology Journal, 2007, 1, pp. 41-46. [cited by applicant]
Rainger et al; “A Novel System for Investigating the Ability of Smooth Muscle Cells and Fibroblasts To Regulate Adhesion of Flowing Leukocytes To Endothelial Cells”; Journal of Immimmunological Methods; 255 (2001), pp. … [cited by applicant]
Rodenhizer et al; “Development of Tracer: Tissue Roll for Analysis of Cellular Environment and Response”; Biofabrication, 8 (045008), 2016, 18 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Santagapita, P. et al., “Formulation and Drying of Alginate Beads for Controlled Release and Stabilization of Invertase.” Biomacromolecules vol. 12, Aug. 18, 2011, pp. 3147-3155. [cited by applicant]
Simon et al; “Polymer-Based Mesh as Supports for Multi-Layered 3D Cell Culture and Assays”; Biomaterials; 35(1); 2014; pp. 259-268 doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.049. [cited by applicant]
Simon, K. A., et al., “Disulfide-Based Diblock Copolymer Worm Gels: A Wholly-Synthetic Thermoreversible 3D Matrix for Sheet-Based Cultures”, Biomacromolecules, vol. 16, No. 12, 2015, pp. 3952-3958. [cited by applicant]
Srivastava et al., “Development of a Novel Polygalacturonic Acid-Gelatin Blend Scaffold Fabrication and Biocompatibility Studies for Tissue-Engineering Applications”, International Journal of Polymeric Materials, vol. 6… [cited by applicant]
Stanley et al., “Texture-Structure Relationships In Foamed Dairy Emulsions”, Food Research International, vol. 29, No. 1, 1996, pp. 1-13. [cited by applicant]
Tapani et al; “Toxicity of Ethanol in Low Concentrations”; ACTA Radiologica; 37:6; 1996, pp. 923-926. [cited by applicant]
Thuenauer, R., et al., “Microfluidic approaches for epithelial cell layer culture and characterisation”, The Analyst, vol. 139, No. 13, 2014, pp. 3206-3218. [cited by applicant]
Tsai et al., “Expansion Of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Fibrous Bed Bioreactor”, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2015, pp. 1-7. [cited by applicant]
Vreeker, R. et al., “Drying and Rehydration of Calcium Alginate Gels.” Food Biophysics, vol. 3, , Jun. 26, 2008., pp. 361-369. [cited by applicant]
Zmora et al., “Tailoring The Pore Architecture In 3-d Alginate Scaffolds By Controlling The Freezing Regime During Fabrication”, Biomaterials, vol. 23, 2002, pp. 4087-4094. [cited by applicant]