Optical waveguide modulator
An electro-optic modulator that is disposed along a surface of a substrate includes an optical waveguide having an optical waveguide core disposed along the surface, and two electrode stacks, each of the stacks extending along a corresponding side of a segment of the optical waveguide core to modulate light therein. Each stack includes two electrode segments vertically stacked over the surface of the substrate; wherein at least a part of the segment of the optical waveguide core along the surface is vertically located between the electrode segments of each electrode stack.
1 . An apparatus comprising:
an electro-optic modulator disposed along a surface of a substrate and comprising:
an optical waveguide having an optical waveguide core disposed along the surface; and
two metallic drive electrodes, each of the metallic drive electrodes having edge portions extending along, and protruding towards, a corresponding side of a segment of the optical waveguide core, the edge portions of each of the metallic drive electrodes being vertically stacked over the surface of the substrate and being vertically separated such that a vertical projection of a lower edge portion overlaps with an upper edge portion;
wherein at least a part of the segment of the optical waveguide core along the surface overlaps with a straight line connecting the lower and upper edge portions of each of the metallic drive electrodes; and
wherein at least one of the two metallic drive electrodes is configured to be driven by a radio-frequency (RF) drive signal.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the optical waveguide core comprises electro-optic material.
3 . The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the electro-optic material is lithium niobate.
4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising dielectric between the edge portions of each of the metallic drive electrodes.
5 . The apparatus of any one of claim 1 wherein along the segment of the optical waveguide core each of the metallic drive electrodes is formed by two vertically separated metallic layers.
6 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each of the metallic drive electrodes includes a third metallic portion physically connecting the vertically separated edge portions along the segment of the optical waveguide core.
7 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein one of the edge portions of each of the metallic drive electrodes is closer to the surface of the substrate than the optical waveguide core.
8 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein one of the edge portions of each of the metallic drive electrodes and the optical waveguide core are at a same distance from the surface of the substrate.
9 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein two of the edge portions of the metallic drive electrodes are closer to each other than the other two of the edge portions of the metallic drive electrodes.
10 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the metallic drive electrodes are configured to electro-optically modulate light propagating in the optical waveguide responsive to a modulating voltage being applied between the metallic drive electrodes.
11 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electro-optic modulator is a Mach-Zehnder modulator comprising two optical waveguide arms connected to receive light in parallel from an optical splitter, wherein one of the two optical waveguide arms comprises the optical waveguide.
12 . The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the Mach-Zehnder modulator further comprises a third metallic drive electrode extending along a segment of an optical waveguide core of the other of the two optical waveguide arms, the third metallic drive electrode having metallic edge portions vertically stacked over the surface of the substrate, the Mach-Zehnder modulator further comprising dielectric between the metallic edge portions of the third metallic drive electrode.
13 . The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the third metallic drive electrode and one of the other metallic drive electrodes are configured to modulate light propagating in the other of the two optical waveguide arms responsive to a voltage applied therebetween.
14 . The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an electrical driver connected to provide an RF signal to each of the two metallic drive electrodes.