IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,473,656
Granted Patent B2
US 12,473,656 · App. 17/983,418 · Granted Nov 18, 2025

Gold-copper alloy nanostructure and method for synthesizing the same

Inventors: Hua Zhang (Hong Kong, HK); Xichen Zhou (Hong Kong, HK); An Zhang (Hong Kong, HK)
Assignee: City University of Hong Kong
C25B11/046C22C5/02C25B1/23C25B11/089
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,473,656
App. No.
17/983,418
Granted
Nov 18, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

The present invention provides a gold-copper alloy nanostructure which can be used as a catalyst for electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction and a method for synthesizing the same. The provided gold-copper alloy nanostructure has a heterophase composed of a hexagonal close-packed phase and a face-centered cubic phase. This gold-copper nanostructure shows an atomic ratio of 99 to 1 for gold to copper. The present invention adopts delicately structural modulation of nanomaterials based on the phase engineering of nanomaterials strategy and offers a promising way for the design and preparation of novel catalysts, especially those with unconventional phase, for enhancing their performances in various catalytic applications.

Claims (27)

1 . A gold-copper alloy nanostructure having:

a heterophase composed of a hexagonal close-packed phase and a face-centered cubic phase; and

an atomic ratio of 99 to 1 for gold to copper;

wherein the hexagonal close-packed phase and the face-centered cubic phase are arranged as ultrathin nanosheets in a hierarchical architecture; and

wherein the ultrathin nanosheets include protruding edges with stepped surfaces formed of high-index facets of both the hexagonal close-packed phase and face-centered cubic phase.

2 . The gold-copper alloy nanostructure of claim 1 , wherein the high-index facets include (3 3 4) h , (2 2 3) h , (1 1 3) n , and (1 1 2) n facets of the hexagonal close-packed phase and (35 3 ) f , (31 3 ) f , ( 2 1 2) f , (13 1 ) f , and (12 1 ) f facets of the face-centered cubic phase.

3 . The gold-copper alloy nanostructure of claim 2 , wherein the ultrathin nanosheets further include planar defects perpendicular to a close-packed [001] h /[11 1 ] f direction.

4 . The gold-copper alloy nanostructure of claim 3 , wherein the planar defects include twin boundaries and stacking faults.

5 . A catalyst for electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction, comprising the gold-copper alloy nanostructure of claim 1 .

6 . A flow cell electrolyzer for electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction, comprising a working electrode loaded with the catalyst of claim 5 .

7 . A method for synthesizing the gold-copper alloy nanostructure of claim 1 , the method comprising:

a) mixing an amantadine hydrochloride and a copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl 2 ·2H 2 O) into an unsaturated fatty amine to obtain a first mixture;

b) sonicating the first mixture to form a copper precursor solution;

c) adding a gold (III) chloride hydrate (HAuCl 4 ·3H 2 O) into the copper precursor solution to form a second mixture;

d) sonicating the second mixture to form a growth solution;

e) heating the growth solution at a growth temperature for a growth time to form the gold-copper alloy nanostructure.

8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein in step a), the amantadine hydrochloride has a purity greater than or equal to 99% and the copper (II) chloride dihydrate has a purity greater than or equal to 99%; and a weight ratio of the amantadine hydrochloride to the copper (II) chloride dihydrate is in a range from 15:1 to 8:1.

9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein in step a), the weight ratio of the amantadine hydrochloride to the copper (II) chloride dihydrate is 10:1.

10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein in step a), the unsaturated fatty amine is an oleylamine having a purity greater than or equal to 70%; and a weight ratio of the oleylamine to the copper (II) chloride dihydrate is in a range from 180:1 to 220:1.

11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein in step a), the weight ratio of the oleylamine to the copper (II) chloride dihydrate is 200:1.

12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein in step b), the first mixture is sonicated for at least 20 minutes.

13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein in step c), the gold (III) chloride hydrate has a purity greater than or equal to 49% on basis of gold; and a weight ratio of the gold (III) chloride hydrate to the copper (II) chloride dihydrate is in a range from 1:2 to 1:3.

14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein in step c), the weight ratio of the gold (III) chloride hydrate to the copper (II) chloride dihydrate is 2:5.

15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein in step d), the second mixture is sonicated for at least 2 minutes.

16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein in step e), the growth temperature is in a range from 76° C. to 86° C.

17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein in step e), the growth time is in a range from 7 hours to 9 hours.

18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein in step e), the growth temperature is 80° C. and growth time is 8 hours.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Nov 9, 2022
From: ZHANG, HUA; ZHOU, XICHEN; ZHANG, AN
To: CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
Reel/Frame 061713/0880 →
Continuity (1)
Related Publication 20240150911A1 · May 9, 2024
References Cited (91)
US 20090120238A1 · Jun · 2009 [cited by examiner]
CN 108372308A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 108913143A · 2018 [cited by examiner]
Fan et al. (“Heterophase fcc-2H-fcc gold nanorods,” Nat. Comm. 2020, 11, article 3292, pp. 1-8) (Year: 2020). [cited by examiner]
Kim et al. (“Synergistic geometric and electronic effects for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide using gold-copper bimetallic nanoparticles,” Nat. Comm. 2014, 5, article 4948, pp. 1-8). (Year: 2014). [cited by examiner]
Su et al. (“Gold nanocrystals with variable index facets as highly effective cathode catalysts for lithium-oxygen batteries,” NPG Asia Materials 2015, 7, e155, p. 1-12). (Year: 2015). [cited by examiner]
Xiao et al. (“High-Index-Facet- and High-Surface-Energy Nanocrystals of Metals and Metal Oxides as Highly Efficient Catalysts,” Joule 2020, 4, 2562-2598). (Year: 2020). [cited by examiner]
Chen et al. (“Ethylene Selectivity in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction on Cu Nanomaterials: a Crystal Phase-Dependent Study,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 12760-12766). (Year: 2020). [cited by examiner]
Fan, Z.; Bosman, M.; Huang, X.; Huang, D.; Yu, Y.; Ong, K. P.; Akimov, Y. A.; Wu, L.; Li, B.; Wu, J.; Huang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Eng Png, C.; Lip Gan, C.; Yang, P.; Zhang, H. “Stabilization of 4H hexagonal phase in gold nanori… [cited by examiner]
Yuchao Wang, et al., Regulating the coordination structure of metal single atoms for efficient electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, Energy Environ. Sci., 2020, 13, 4609-4624. [cited by applicant]
Chaoqi Wang, et al., Etching-assisted route to heterophase Au nanowires with multiple types of active surface sites for silane oxidation. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 6363-6369. [cited by applicant]
Kiao Huang, et al., Synthesis of gold square-like plates from ultrathin gold square sheets: the evolution of structure phase and shape. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 12245-12248. [cited by applicant]
Ye Chen, et al., High-yield synthesis of crystal-phase-heterostructured 4H/fcc Au@Pd core-shell nanorods for electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1701331. [cited by applicant]
Chen, L.; Ji, F.; Xu, Y.; He, L.; Mi, Y.; Bao, F.; Sun, B.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Q. High-yield seedless synthesis of triangular gold nanoplates through oxidative etching. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 7201-7206. [cited by applicant]
Yang, F.; Elnabawy, A. O.; Schimmenti, R.; Song, P.; Wang, J.; Peng, Z.; Yao, S.; Deng, R.; Song, S.; Lin, Y.; Mavrikakis, M.; Xu, W. Bismuthene for highly efficient carbon dioxide electroreduction reaction. Nat. Commun… [cited by applicant]
Kresse, G.; Furthmuller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. 1996, 54, 11169-11186. [cited by applicant]
Kresse, G.; Joubert, D. From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 1999, 59, 1758-1775. [cited by applicant]
Blöchl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 1994, 50, 17953-17979. [cited by applicant]
Perdew, J. P.; Burke, K.; Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3865-3868. [cited by applicant]
Grimme, S.; Antony, J.; Ehrlich, S.; Krieg, H. A consistent and accurate ab initio parametrization of density functional dispersion correction (DFT-D) for the 94 elements H-Pu. J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132, 154104. [cited by applicant]
Zhu, W.; Zhang, Y.- J.; Zhang, H.; Lv, H.; Li, Q.; Michalsky, R.; Peterson, A. A.; Sun, S. Active and selective conversion of CO2 to CO on ultrathin Au nanowires. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 16132-16135. [cited by applicant]
Li, J.; Chen, G.; Zhu, Y.; Liang, Z.; Pei, A.; Wu, C.- L.; Wang, H.; Lee, H. R.; Liu, K.; Chu, S.; Cui, Y. Efficient electrocatalytic CO2 reduction on a three-phase interface. Nat. Catal. 2018, 1, 592-600. [cited by applicant]
Fan, Z.; Bosman, M.; Huang, Z.; Chen, Y.; Ling, C.; Wu, L.; Akimov, Y. A.; Laskowski, R.; Chen, B.; Ercius, P.; Zhang, J.; Qi, X.; Goh, M. H.; Ge, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Niu, W.; Wang, J.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, H. Heterophase fcc-2… [cited by applicant]
Feng, X.; Jiang, K.; Fan, S.; Kanan, M. W. Grain-boundary-dependent CO2 electroreduction activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 4606-4609. [cited by applicant]
Hall, A. S.; Yoon, Y.; Wuttig, A.; Surendranath, Y. Mesostructure-induced selectivity in CO2 reduction catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 14834-14837. [cited by applicant]
Liu, M.; Pang, Y.; Zhang, B.; De Luna, P.; Voznyy, O.; Xu, J.; Zheng, X.; Dinh, C. T.; Fan, F.; Cao, C.; de Arquer, F. P. G.; Safaei, T. S.; Mepham, A.; Klinkova, A.; Kumacheva, E.; Filleter, T.; Sinton, D.; Kelley, S. … [cited by applicant]
Wang, Y.; Li, C.; Fan, Z.; Chen, Y.; Li, X.; Cao, L.; Wang, C.; Wang, L.; Su, D.; Zhang, H.; Mueller, T.; Wang, C. Undercoordinated active sites on 4H gold nanostructures for CO2 reduction. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 8074-808… [cited by applicant]
Zhu, W.; Zhang, L.; Yang, P.; Hu, C.; Dong, H.; Zhao, Z.-J.; Mu, R.; Gong, J. Formation of enriched vacancies for enhanced CO2 electrocatalytic reduction over AuCu alloys. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 2144-2149. [cited by applicant]
Kim, D.; Xie, C.; Becknell, N.; Yu, Y.; Karamad, M.; Chan, K.; Crumlin, E. J.; Nørskov, J. K.; Yang, P. Electrochemical activation of CO2 through atomic ordering transformations of AuCu nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. … [cited by applicant]
Kim, D.; Resasco, J.; Yu, Y.; Asiri, A. M.; Yang, P. Synergistic geometric and electronic effects for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide using gold-copper bimetallic nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4948. [cited by applicant]
Zhou, J.- H.; Lan, D.- W.; Yang, S.-S.; Guo, Y.; Yuan, K.; Dai, L.-X.; Zhang, Y.-W. Thin-walled hollow Au—Cu nanostructures with high efficiency in electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2018, 5, 15… [cited by applicant]
Liu, K.; Ma, M.; Wu, L.; Valenti, M.; Cardenas-Morcoso, D.; Hofmann, J. P.; Bisquert, J.; Gimenez, S.; Smith, W. A. Electronic effects determine the selectivity of planar Au—Cu bimetallic thin films for electrochemical … [cited by applicant]
Shen, X.; Liu, X.; Wang, S.; Chen, T.; Zhang, W.; Cao, L.; Ding, T.; Lin, Y.; Liu, D.; Wang, L.; Zhang, W.; Yao, T. Synergistic modulation at atomically dispersed Fe/Au interface for selective CO2 electroreduction. Nano… [cited by applicant]
Li, S.; Nagarajan, A. V.; Alfonso, D. R.; Sun, M.; Kauffman, D. R.; Mpourmpakis, G.; Jin, R. Boosting CO2 electrochemical reduction with atomically precise surface modification on gold nanoclusters. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed… [cited by applicant]
Nellaiappan, S.; Katiyar, N. K.; Kumar, R.; Parui, A.; Malviya, K. D.; Pradeep, K. G.; Singh, A. K.; Sharma, S.; Tiwary, C. S.; Biswas, K. High-entropy alloys as catalysts for the CO2 and CO reduction reactions: experim… [cited by applicant]
Monzó, J.; Malewski, Y.; Kortlever, R.; Vidal-Iglesias, F. J.; Solla-Gullón, J.; Koper, M. T. M.; Rodriguez, P. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Au@Cu core@shell nanoparticles towards CO2 reduction. J. Mater. Chem.… [cited by applicant]
Shin, J. W.; Bertocci, U.; Stafford, G. R. Stress response to surface alloying and dealloying during underpotential deposition of Pb on (111)-textured Au. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 7926-7932. [cited by applicant]
Mezzavilla, S.; Horch, S.; Stephens, I. E. L.; Seger, B.; Chorkendorff, I. Structure sensitivity in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 with gold catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 3774-3778. [cited by applicant]
Green, M. P.; Hanson, K. J.; Carr, R.; Lindau, I. STM observations of the underpotential deposition and stripping of Pb on Au(111) under potential sweep conditions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1990, 137, 3493-3498. [cited by applicant]
Verma, S.; Hamasaki, Y.; Kim, C.; Huang, W.; Lu, S.; Jhong, H.-R. M.; Gewirth, A. A.; Fujigaya, T.; Nakashima, N.; Kenis, P. J. A. Insights into the low overpotential electroreduction of CO2 to CO on a supported gold ca… [cited by applicant]
Seong, H.; Efremov, V.; Park, G.; Kim, H.; Yoo, J. S.; Lee, D. Atomically precise gold nanoclusters as model catalysts for identifying active sites for electroreduction of CO2. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 14563-1457… [cited by applicant]
Jhong, H.-R. M.; Tornow, C. E.; Kim, C.; Verma, S.; Oberst, J. L.; Anderson, P. S.; Gewirth, A. A.; Fujigaya, T.; Nakashima, N.; Kenis, P. J. A. Gold nanoparticles on polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes: an efficient and s… [cited by applicant]
Qi, Z.; Biener, M. M.; Kashi, A. R.; Hunegnaw, S.; Leung, A.; Ma, S.; Huo, Z.; Kuhl, K. P.; Biener, J. Electrochemical CO2 to CO reduction at high current densities using a nanoporous gold catalyst. Mater. Res. Lett. 20… [cited by applicant]
Fenwick, A. Q.; Welch, A. J.; Li, X.; Sullivan, I.; DuChene, J. S.; Xiang, C.; Atwater, H. A. Probing the catalytically active region in a nanoporous gold gas diffusion electrode for highly selective carbon dioxide redu… [cited by applicant]
Monteiro, M. C. O.; Philips, M. F.; Schouten, K. J. P.; Koper, M. T. M. Efficiency and selectivity of CO2 reduction to CO on gold gas diffusion electrodes in acidic media. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4943. [cited by applicant]
Yin, Z.; Peng, H.; Wei, X.; Zhou, H.; Gong, J.; Huai, M.; Xiao, L.; Wang, G.; Lu, J.; Zhuang, L. An alkaline polymer electrolyte CO2 electrolyzer operated with pure water. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 2455-2462. [cited by applicant]
Wang, J.; Yu, J.; Sun, M.; Liao, L.; Zhang, Q.; Zhai, L.; Zhou, X.; Li, L.; Wang, G.; Meng, F.; Shen, D.; Li, Z.; Bao, H.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Chen, Y.; Niu, W.; Huang, B.; Gu, L.; Lee, C.-S.; Fan, Z. Surface molecular … [cited by applicant]
Ozden, A.; Liu, Y.; Dinh, C.- T.; Li, J.; Ou, P.; Garcia de Arquer, F. P.; Sargent, E. H.; Sinton, D. Gold adparticles on silver combine low overpotential and high selectivity in electrochemical CO2 conversion. ACS Appl… [cited by applicant]
Sun, K.; Shi, Y.; Li, H.; Shan, J.; Sun, C.; Wu, Z.-y.; Ji, Y.; Wang, Z. Efficient CO2 electroreduction via Au-complex derived carbon nanotube supported Au nanoclusters. ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 4929-4935. [cited by applicant]
Shi, Y.; Lyu, Z.; Zhao, M.; Chen, R.; Nguyen, Q. N.; Xia, Y. Noble-metal nanocrystals with controlled shapes for catalytic and electrocatalytic applications. Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 649-735. [cited by applicant]
He, T.; Wang, W.; Shi, F.; Yang, X.; Li, X.; Wu, J.; Yin, Y.; Jin, M. Mastering the surface strain of platinum catalysts for efficient electrocatalysis. Nature 2021, 598, 76-81. [cited by applicant]
Yang, C.-L.; Wang, L.-N.; Yin, P.; Liu, J.; Chen, M.-X.; Yan, Q.-Q.; Wang, Z.-S.; Xu, S.-L.; Chu, S.-Q.; Cui, C.; Ju, H.; Zhu, J.; Lin, Y.; Shui, J.; Liang, H.-W. Sulfur-anchoring synthesis of platinum intermetallic nan… [cited by applicant]
Luo, M.; Zhao, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Xing, Y.; Lv, F.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Hwang, S.; Qin, Y.; Ma, J.-Y.; Lin, F.; Su, D.; Lu, G.; Guo, S. PdMo bimetallene for oxygen reduction catalysis. Nature 2019, 574, 81-85. [cited by applicant]
Gilroy, K. D.; Ruditskiy, A.; Peng, H.-C.; Qin, D.; Xia, Y. Bimetallic nanocrystals: syntheses, properties, and applications. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 10414-10472. [cited by applicant]
Zhang, Z.; Liu, G.; Cui, X.; Gong, Y.; Yi, D.; Zhang, Q.; Zhu, C.; Saleem, F.; Chen, B.; Lai, Z.; Yun, Q.; Cheng, H.; Huang, Z.; Peng, Y.; Fan, Z.; Li, B.; Dai, W.; Chen, W.; Du, Y.; Ma, L.; Sun, C.-J.; Hwang, I.; Chen,… [cited by applicant]
Chen, Y.; Fan, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Niu, W.; Li, C.; Yang, N.; Chen, B.; Zhang, H. Two-dimensional metal nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, and applications. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 6409-6455. [cited by applicant]
Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Dinh, C.-T.; Li, J.; Ozden, A.; Golam Kibria, M.; Seifitokaldani, A.; Tan, C.-S.; Gabardo, C. M.; Luo, M.; Zhou, H.; Li, F.; Lum, Y.; McCallum, C.; Xu, Y.; Liu, M.; Proppe, A.; Johnston, A.; Todorovi… [cited by applicant]
Yang, T.-H.; Ahn, J.; Shi, S.; Wang, P.; Gao, R.; Qin, D. Noble-metal nanoframes and their catalytic applications. Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 796-833. [cited by applicant]
Huang, L.; Liu, M.; Lin, H.; Xu, Y.; Wu, J.; Dravid Vinayak, P.; Wolverton, C.; Mirkin Chad, A. Shape regulation of high-index facet nanoparticles by dealloying. Science 2019, 365, 1159-1163. [cited by applicant]
Choi, C.; Kwon, S.; Cheng, T.; Xu, M.; Tieu, P.; Lee, C.; Cai, J.; Lee, H. M.; Pan, X.; Duan, X.; Goddard, W. A.; Huang, Y. Highly active and stable stepped Cu surface for enhanced electrochemical CO2 reduction to C2H4.… [cited by applicant]
Xie, C.; Niu, Z.; Kim, D.; Li, M.; Yang, P. Surface and interface control in nanoparticle catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 1184-1249. [cited by applicant]
Wu, Z.; Wu, H.; Cai, W.; Wen, Z.; Jia, B.; Wang, L.; Jin, W.; Ma, T. Engineering bismuth-tin interface in bimetallic aerogel with a 3D porous structure for highly selective electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to HCOOH. Angew… [cited by applicant]
Chen, Y.; Lai, Z.; Zhang, X.; Fan, Z.; He, Q.; Tan, C.; Zhang, H. Phase engineering of nanomaterials. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2020, 4, 243-256. [cited by applicant]
Zhou, M.; Higaki, T.; Hu, G.; Sfeir, M. Y.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, D.-e.; Jin, R. Three-orders-of-magnitude variation of carrier lifetimes with crystal phase of gold nanoclusters. Science 2019, 364, 279-282. [cited by applicant]
Zhao, M.; Xia, Y. Crystal-phase and surface-structure engineering of ruthenium nanocrystals. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2020, 5, 440-459. [cited by applicant]
Huang, X.; Li, S.; Huang, Y.; Wu, S.; Zhou, X.; Li, S.; Gan, C. L.; Boey, F.; Mirkin, C. A.; Zhang, H. Synthesis of hexagonal close-packed gold nanostructures. Nat. Commun. 2011, 2, 292. [cited by applicant]
Hong, J.; Bae, J.-H.; Jo, H.; Park, H.- Y.; Lee, S.; Hong, S. J.; Chun, H.; Cho, M. K.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Son, Y.; Jin, H.; Suh, J.-Y.; Kim, S.-C.; Roh, H.-K.; Lee, K. H.; Kim, H.-S.; Chung, K. Y.; Yoon, C. W.; Lee, K.;… [cited by applicant]
Zhang, X.; Luo, Z.; Yu, P.; Cai, Y.; Du, Y.; Wu, D.; Gao, S.; Tan, C.; Li, Z.; Ren, M.; Osipowicz, T.; Chen, S.; Jiang, Z.; Li, J.; Huang, Y.; Yang, J.; Chen, Y.; Ang, C. Y.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, P.; Song, L.; Wu, X.; Liu, Z… [cited by applicant]
Cheng, H.; Yang, N.; Liu, G.; Ge, Y.; Huang, J.; Yun, Q.; Du, Y.; Sun, C.-J.; Chen, B.; Liu, J.; Zhang, H. Ligand-exchange-induced amorphization of Pd nanomaterials for highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evoluti… [cited by applicant]
Zhou, X.; Ma, Y.; Ge, Y.; Zhu, S.; Cui, Y.; Chen, B.; Liao, L.; Yun, Q.; He, Z.; Long, H.; Li, L.; Huang, B.; Luo, Q.; Zhai, L.; Wang, X.; Bai, L.; Wang, G.; Guan, Z.; Chen, Y.; Lee, C.-S.; Wang, J.; Ling, C.; Shao, M.;… [cited by applicant]
Ge, Y.; Huang, Z.; Ling, C.; Chen, B.; Liu, G.; Zhou, M.; Liu, J.; Zhang, X.; Cheng, H.; Liu, G.; Du, Y.; Sun, C.-J.; Tan, C.; Huang, J.; Yin, P.; Fan, Z.; Chen, Y.; Yang, N.; Zhang, H. Phase-selective epitaxial growth … [cited by applicant]
Yang, N.; Cheng, H.; Liu, X.; Yun, Q.; Chen, Y.; Li, B.; Chen, B.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, X.; Lu, Q.; Huang, J.; Huang, Y.; Zong, Y.; Yang, Y.; Gu, L.; Zhang, H. Amorphous/crystalline hetero-phase Pd nanosheets: one-pot synth… [cited by applicant]
Lu, Q.; Wang, A.-L.; Gong, Y.; Hao, W.; Cheng, H.; Chen, J.; Li, B.; Yang, N.; Niu, W.; Wang, J.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Y.; Fan, Z.; Wu, X.-J.; Chen, J.; Luo, J.; Li, S.; Gu, L.; Zhang, H. Crystal phase-based epitaxi… [cited by applicant]
Ge, Y.; Wang, X.; Chen, B.; Huang, Z.; Shi, Z.; Huang, B.; Liu, J.; Wang, G.; Chen, Y.; Li, L.; Lu, S.; Luo, Q.; Yun, Q.; Zhang, H. Preparation of fcc-2H-fcc heterophase Pd@Ir nanostructures for high-performance electro… [cited by applicant]
Gong, Z.; Liu, R.; Gong, H.; Ye, G.; Liu, J.; Dong, J.; Liao, J.; Yan, M.; Liu, J.; Huang, K.; Xing, L.; Liang, J.; He, Y.; Fei, H. Constructing a graphene-encapsulated amorphous/crystalline heterophase NiFe alloy by mi… [cited by applicant]
Yin, P.-F.; Zhou, M.; Chen, J.; Tan, C.; Liu, G.; Ma, Q.; Yun, Q.; Zhang, X.; Cheng, H.; Lu, Q.; Chen, B.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, J.; Hu, D.; Wang, J.; Liu, Q.; Luo, Z.; Liu, Z.; Ge, Y.; Wu, X.-J.; Du, X.-W.; Zhang… [cited by applicant]
Chen, Y.; Fan, Z.; Wang, J.; Ling, C.; Niu, W.; Huang, Z.; Liu, G.; Chen, B.; Lai, Z.; Liu, X.; Li, B.; Zong, Y.; Gu, L.; Wang, J.; Wang, X.; Zhang, H. Ethylene selectivity in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction on Cu nanoma… [cited by applicant]
Kauffman, D. R.; Alfonso, D. R.; Tafen, D. N.; Wang, C.; Zhou, Y.; Yu, Y.; Lekse, J. W.; Deng, X.; Espinoza, V.; Trindell, J.; Ranasingha, O. K.; Roy, A.; Lee, J.- S.; Xin, H. L. Selective electrocatalytic reduction of … [cited by applicant]
Wang, Y.; Zhou, W.; Jia, R.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, B. Unveiling the activity origin of a copper-based electrocatalyst for selective nitrate reduction to ammonia. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 5350-5354. [cited by applicant]
Dai, S.; Huang, T.-H.; Liu, W.-I.; Hsu, C.-W.; Lee, S.-W.; Chen, T.-Y.; Wang, Y.-C.; Wang, J.-H.; Wang, K.-W. Enhanced CO2 electrochemical reduction performance over Cu@AuCu catalysts at high noble metal utilization eff… [cited by applicant]
Ma, X.; Shen, Y.; Yao, S.; Shu, M.; Si, R.; An, C. Self-supported nanoporous Au3Cu electrode with enriched gold on surface for efficient electrochemical reduction of CO2. Chem. Eur. J. 2020, 26, 4143-4149. [cited by applicant]
Li, H.; Zeng, R.; Feng, X.; Wang, H.; Xu, W.; Lu, X.; Xie, Z.; Abruna, H. D. Oxidative stability matters: a case study of palladium hydride nanosheets for alkaline fuel cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 8106-8114. [cited by applicant]
Yuan, X.; Zhang, L.; Li, L.; Dong, H.; Chen, S.; Zhu, W.; Hu, C.; Deng, W.; Zhao, Z.-J.; Gong, J. Ultrathin Pd—Au shells with controllable alloying degree on Pd nanocubes toward carbon dioxide reduction. J. Am. Chem. So… [cited by applicant]
Cao, Z.; Kim, D.; Hong, D.; Yu, Y.; Xu, J.; Lin, S.; Wen, X.; Nichols, E. M.; Jeong, K.; Reimer, J. A.; Yang, P.; Chang, C. J. A molecular surface functionalization approach to tuning nanoparticle electrocatalysts for c… [cited by applicant]
Zhu, S.; Wang, Q.; Qin, X.; Gu, M.; Tao, R.; Lee, B. P.; Zhang, L.; Yao, Y.; Li, T.; Shao, M. Tuning structural and compositional effects in Pd—Au nanowires for highly selective and active CO2 electrochemical reduction … [cited by applicant]
Zhang, G.; Zhao, Z.-J.; Cheng, D.; Li, H.; Yu, J.; Wang, Q.; Gao, H.; Guo, J.; Wang, H.; Ozin, G. A.; Wang, T.; Gong, J. Efficient CO2 electroreduction on facet-selective copper films with high conversion rate. Nat. Com… [cited by applicant]
Zheng, T.; Liu, C.; Guo, C.; Zhang, M.; Li, X.; Jiang, Q.; Xue, W.; Li, H.; Li, A.; Pao, C.-W.; Xiao, J.; Xia, C.; Zeng, J. Copper-catalysed exclusive CO2 to pure formic acid conversion via single-atom alloying. Nat. Na… [cited by applicant]
Zhang, A.; He, R.; Li, H.; Chen, Y.; Kong, T.; Li, K.; Ju, H.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, W.; Zeng, J. Nickel doping in atomically thin tin disulfide nanosheets enables highly efficient CO2 reduction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57,… [cited by applicant]
Zhou, X.; Gao, H.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Lin, J.; Ding, Y. P vacancies-enriched 3D hierarchical reduced cobalt phosphide as a precursor template for defect engineering for efficient water oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018,… [cited by applicant]
Huang, H.; Zhao, J.; Weng, B.; Lai, F.; Zhang, M.; Hofkens, J.; Roeffaers, M. B. J.; Steele, J. A.; Long, J. Site-sensitive selective CO2 photoreduction to CO over gold nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e20… [cited by applicant]
Mariano, R. G.; McKelvey, K.; White, H. S.; Kanan, M. W. Selective increase in CO2 electroreduction activity at grain- boundary surface terminations. Science 2017, 358, 1187-1192. [cited by applicant]