Glass with modified surface regions and methods and apparatuses for forming the same via electro-thermal poling and field-assisted ion exchange
A glass substrate with modified surface regions is disclosed. The glass substrate includes an alkali-containing bulk, a first alkali-depleted region, a second alkali-depleted region, and a first ion-exchanged region. The alkali-containing bulk has a first surface and a second surface with the first and second surfaces on opposite sides. The first alkali-depleted region extends into the alkali-containing bulk from the first surface. The second alkali-depleted region extends into the alkali-containing bulk from the second surface. The first ion-exchanged region extends into the alkali-containing bulk from the first surface. The first alkali-depleted region, the second alkali-depleted region, and the first ion-exchanged region each have a substantially homogenous composition. A method of forming the glass substrate is disclosed. The method includes simultaneously forming the first alkali-depleted region and the first ion-exchanged region in the first surface. The method also includes near-simultaneously forming the second alkali-depleted region in the second surface.
1 . A glass substrate, comprising:
an alkali-containing bulk comprising a first surface, an opposite second surface, and a first concentration of a first alkali metal ion;
a first alkali-depleted region extending into the alkali-containing bulk from the first surface such that the first alkali-depleted region comprises a first thickness t 1 ;
a second alkali-depleted region extending into the alkali-containing bulk from the second surface such that the second alkali-depleted region comprises a second thickness t 2 ;
a first ion-exchanged region extending into the alkali-containing bulk from the first surface such that the first ion-exchanged region comprises a third thickness t 3 substantially equal to t 1 ; and
wherein the first ion-exchanged region comprises a second concentration of a second alkali metal ion and a third concentration of the first alkali-metal ion less than the first concentration, the first alkali-depleted region comprises a fourth concentration of the first alkali metal ion less than the first concentration, the second alkali-depleted region comprises a fifth concentration of the first alkali metal ion less than the first concentration, each of the alkali-containing bulk, the first alkali-depleted region, and the second alkali-depleted region comprises a concentration of the second alkali-metal ion less than the second concentration, and each of the first alkali-depleted region, the second alkali-depleted region, and the first ion-exchanged region comprises a substantially homogenous composition.
2 . The glass substrate of claim 1 , wherein the first alkali-depleted region abuts the first ion-exchanged region.
3 . The glass substrate of claim 1 , wherein the first alkali-depleted region is spaced apart from the first ion-exchanged region.
4 . The glass substrate of claim 1 , wherein the first ion-exchanged region comprises a plurality of first ion-exchanged regions separated in part by the first alkali-depleted region.
5 . The glass substrate of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of first ion-exchanged regions includes at least two different alkali metal ions.
6 . The glass substrate of claim 1 , wherein one or more of (i) the first alkali-depleted region comprises a plurality of first alkali-depleted regions or (ii) the second alkali-depleted region comprises a plurality of second alkali-depleted regions.
7 . The glass substrate of claim 1 , further comprising a second ion-exchanged region extending from the second surface into the alkali-containing bulk, the second ion-exchanged region comprising a substantially homogenous composition.
8 . The glass substrate of claim 7 , wherein the second alkali-depleted region abuts the second ion-exchanged region.
9 . The glass substrate of claim 7 , wherein the second ion-exchanged region comprises a plurality of second ion-exchanged regions separated in part by the second alkali-depleted region.
10 . The glass substrate of claim 8 , wherein the second alkali-depleted region is spaced apart from the second ion-exchanged region.
11 . The glass substrate of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the first alkali-depleted region or the second alkali-depleted region comprises a uniformity based on the Z-ROI approach for alkali-depleted regions in which a relative standard deviation of a plurality of alkali-depleted signal intensity ratios is equal to or less than 6%.
12 . The glass substrate of claim 1 , wherein the first ion-exchanged region comprises a uniformity based on the Z-ROI approach for ion-exchanged regions in which a relative standard deviation of a plurality of ion-exchanged signal intensity ratios is less than 12%.
13 . The glass substrate of claim 1 , wherein the alkali-containing bulk comprises a first bulk region exposed at the first surface and abutting at least one of the first alkali-depleted region or the first ion-exchanged region.
14 . A glass substrate, comprising:
a first surface comprising a first alkali-depleted region with a first alkali-depleted refractive index and a first ion-exchanged region with a first ion-exchanged refractive index;
a second surface comprising a second alkali-depleted region with a second alkali-depleted refractive index, the first and second surfaces arranged on opposite sides of the glass substrate; and
an alkali-containing bulk extending between the first and second surfaces and comprising a bulk refractive index; and
wherein:
the first and second alkali-depleted refractive indices are less than the bulk refractive index and the first ion-exchanged refractive index is greater than the bulk refractive index;
the first alkali-depleted region extends into the alkali-containing bulk from the first surface such that the first alkali-depleted region comprises a first thickness t 1 ;
the second alkali-depleted region extends into the alkali-containing bulk from the second surface such that the second alkali-depleted region comprises a second thickness t 2 ; and
the first ion-exchanged region extends into the alkali-containing bulk from the first surface such that the first ion-exchanged region comprises a third thickness t 3 substantially equal to t 1 .
15 . The glass substrate of claim 14 , wherein the first alkali-depleted region abuts the first ion-exchanged region such that a portion of a refractive index profile across the glass substrate transitions in a single step from the first alkali-depleted refractive index to the first ion-exchanged refractive index.
16 . The glass substrate of claim 14 , wherein the first alkali-depleted region is spaced apart from the first ion-exchanged region such that a portion of a refractive index profile across the glass substrate transitions in a stepwise manner from the first alkali-depleted refractive index to the bulk refractive index and to the first ion-exchanged refractive index.
17 . The glass substrate of claim 14 , wherein the first ion-exchanged region comprises a plurality of first ion-exchanged regions separated in part by the first alkali-depleted region such that a portion of a refractive index profile across the glass substrate alternates between the first alkali-depleted refractive index and the first ion-exchanged refractive index.
18 . The glass substrate of claim 17 , wherein a first group of one or more first ion-exchanged regions includes first exchanged mobile metal ions and a second group of one or more first ion-exchanged regions includes second exchanged mobile metal ions that are different than the first exchanged mobile metal ions.
19 . The glass substrate of claim 18 , wherein the first group of first ion-exchanged regions comprises a first group ion-exchanged refractive index corresponding to the first ion-exchanged refractive index and the second group of first ion-exchanged regions comprises a second group ion-exchanged refractive index greater than the first group ion-exchanged refractive index.
20 . The glass substrate of claim 14 , wherein one or more of (i) the first alkali-depleted region comprises a plurality of first alkali-depleted regions comprising the first alkali-depleted refractive index or (ii) the second alkali-depleted region comprises a plurality of second alkali-depleted regions comprising the second alkali-depleted refractive index.
21 . The glass substrate of claim 14 , wherein the second surface comprises a second ion-exchanged region with a second ion-exchanged refractive index.
22 . The glass substrate of claim 21 , wherein the second ion-exchanged refractive index is approximately the same as the first ion-exchanged refractive index.
23 . The glass substrate of claim 21 , wherein the second ion-exchanged refractive index is greater than the bulk refractive index and different than the first ion-exchanged refractive index.
24 . A glass substrate, comprising:
an alkali-containing bulk comprising a first surface, an opposing second surface, and a first concentration of a first alkali metal ion;
a first alkali-depleted region extending into the alkali-containing bulk from the first surface such that the first alkali-depleted region comprises a first thickness t 1 ;
a second alkali-depleted region extending into the alkali-containing bulk from the second surface such that the second alkali-depleted region comprises a second thickness t 2 ; and
a first ion-exchanged region extending into the alkali-containing bulk from the first surface such that the first ion-exchanged region comprises a third thickness t 3 substantially equal to t 1 ; and
wherein the first ion-exchanged region comprises a second concentration of a second alkali metal ion, the first alkali-depleted region comprises a third concentration of the first alkali metal ion less than the first concentration, the second alkali-depleted region comprises a fourth concentration of the first alkali metal ion less than the first concentration, and each of the alkali-containing bulk, the first alkali-depleted region, and the second alkali-depleted region is substantially free of the second alkali-metal ion.
25 . The glass substrate of claim 24 , wherein the glass substrate further comprises a second ion-exchanged region extending into the alkali-containing bulk from the second surface such that the second ion-exchanged region comprises a fourth thickness t 4 substantially equal to t 2 .
26 . The glass substrate of claim 24 , wherein a portion of the alkali-containing bulk is positioned between the first alkali-depleted region and the first ion-exchanged region at the first surface, the portion of the alkali-containing bulk abutting at least one of the first alkali-depleted region or the first ion-exchanged region.
27 . The glass substrate of claim 24 , wherein the first ion-exchanged region comprises a substantially homogenous composition along the third thickness t 3 .
28 . The glass substrate of claim 24 , wherein the first surface comprises a recess along a surface portion adjacent to the first alkali-depleted region.
29 . The glass substrate of claim 28 , wherein at least one lateral wall of the recess is defined by the alkali-containing bulk.
30 . The glass substrate of claim 24 , wherein the substrate comprises a plurality of first alkali-depleted regions and the first surface is recessed along a respective surface portion adjacent to each first alkali-depleted region of the plurality of first alkali-depleted regions.