Systems and methods for measuring trace contaminants in gas matrix using integrated cavity output spectroscopy
A laser absorption spectrometry system for gas measurement is provided. The system includes an integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) assembly including a gas cell. The gas cell includes a cell body defining an optical cavity and an input mirror and an output mirror positioned in the optical cavity. The assembly further includes a tunable diode laser configured to emit laser light, a collimator positioned in an optical path between the tunable diode laser and the gas cell, and a detector arranged to measure laser light exiting the optical cavity. The collimator includes at least one of a reflective collimation mirror or a gradient index (GRN) lens.
1 . A laser absorption spectrometry system for gas measurement, comprising:
an integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) assembly comprising:
a gas cell comprising:
a cell body defining an optical cavity; and
an input mirror and an output mirror positioned in the optical cavity;
a tunable diode laser configured to emit laser light;
a collimator positioned in an optical path between the tunable diode laser and the gas cell, and optically coupled to the tunable diode laser through an optic fiber, wherein the collimator includes a reflective collimation mirror that reflects the laser light into parallel light, and wherein surfaces of the reflective collimation mirror and end surface of the optic fiber are positioned such that reflections from the input mirror are further reflected by the reflective collimation mirror away from the gas cell; and
a detector arranged to measure laser light exiting the optical cavity.
2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises an ICOS calibration computing device comprising at least one processor in communication with at least one memory device, and the at least one processor programmed to:
simulate the laser light traveling through the ICOS assembly as a function of a radius of curvature of the input mirror and a cavity length of the optical cavity;
identify beam overlap peaks based on simulated data of the laser light; and
determine an optimized radius of curvature and an optimized cavity length that do not correspond to one of the beam overlap peaks.
3 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the collimator includes the reflective collimation mirror, the reflective collimation mirror having a parabolic reflection surface.
4 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises an ICOS calibration computing device comprising at least one processor in communication with at least one memory device, and the at least one processor programmed to:
receive data collected by the detector when zero gas is input into the optical cavity, wherein the data are collected a plurality of times, and during each collection, a parameter of the ICOS assembly is changed;
determine residual spectra corresponding to the changed parameter based on the received data; and
determine an optimized parameter based on the residual spectra.
5 . The system of claim 4 , wherein the parameter is a launch angle of the laser light.
6 . The system of claim 4 , wherein the parameter is a radius of curvature of the input mirror.
7 . The system of claim 4 , wherein the parameter is a divergence angle of the laser light.
8 . The system of claim 4 , wherein the parameter is a launch distance of the laser light.
9 . A laser absorption spectrometry system for gas measurement, comprising:
an off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) assembly comprising:
a gas cell comprising:
a cell body defining an optical cavity; and
an input mirror and an output mirror positioned in the optical cavity;
a tunable diode laser configured to emit laser light coupled off-axis into the optical cavity;
a collimator positioned in an optical path between the tunable diode laser and the gas cell, and optically coupled to the tunable diode laser through an optic fiber, wherein the collimator includes a reflective collimation mirror that reflects the laser light into parallel light, and wherein surfaces of the reflective collimation mirror and end surface of the optic fiber are positioned such that reflections from the input mirror are further reflected by the reflective collimation mirror away from the gas cell; and
a detector arranged to measure laser light exiting the optical cavity; and
an ICOS calibration computing device comprising at least one processor in communication with at least one memory device, and the at least one processor programmed to:
determine a parameter of the ICOS assembly based on at least one of data collected by the detector or simulation data to reduce etalons caused by the laser light being reflected back and forth between surfaces in the off-axis ICOS assembly.
10 . The system of claim 9 , wherein the at least one processor is further programmed to:
simulate the laser light traveling through the ICOS assembly as a function of a radius of curvature of the input mirror and a cavity length of the optical cavity;
identify beam overlap peaks based on the simulated data; and
determine an optimized radius of curvature and an optimized cavity length that do not correspond to one of the beam overlap peaks.
11 . The system of claim 9 , wherein the at least one processor is further programmed to:
receive the data collected by the detector when zero gas is input into the optical cavity, wherein the data are collected a plurality of times, and during each collection, a parameter of the ICOS assembly is changed;
determine residual spectra corresponding to the changed parameter; and
determine an optimized parameter based on the residual spectra.
12 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the parameter is a launch angle of the laser light.
13 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the parameter is a radius of curvature of the input mirror.
14 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the parameter is a divergence angle of the laser light.
15 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the parameter is a launch distance of the laser light.
16 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the at least one processor is further programmed to:
determine the optimized parameter based on at least one of amplitudes, signal quality, or semi-periods of the residual spectra.
17 . A laser absorption spectrometry system for gas measurement, comprising:
an off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) assembly comprising:
a gas cell comprising:
a cell body defining an optical cavity; and
an input mirror and an output mirror positioned in the optical cavity;
a tunable diode laser configured to emit laser light coupled off-axis into the optical cavity; and
a collimator positioned in an optical path between the tunable diode laser and the gas cell, and optically coupled to the tunable diode laser through an optic fiber, wherein the collimator includes a reflective collimation mirror that reflects the laser light into parallel light, and wherein surfaces of the reflective collimation mirror and end surface of the optic fiber are positioned such that reflections from the input mirror are further reflected by the reflective collimation mirror away from the gas cell;
wherein one or more parameters of the off-axis ICOS assembly are optimized to reduce noise from etalons, wherein when light travels back and forth between parallel surfaces and/or quasi-parallel surfaces in the optical path, the light and its reflections interfere with one another and cause the etalons, the etalons introducing the noise in absorption spectra of the light by gasses in the gas cell.
18 . The system of claim 17 , wherein the one or more parameters are optimized to reduce the etalons caused by the laser light being reflected back and forth between the collimator and the input mirror.
19 . The system of claim 18 , wherein the one or more parameters include at least one of a launch angle of the laser light, a radius of curvature of the input mirror, a divergence angle of the laser light, or a launch distance of the laser light.