Thermal lensing electrode in thermoelectric generators for improved performance
Exemplary thermoelectric devices and methods are disclosed herein. Thermoelectric generator performance is increased by the shaping isothermal fields within the bulk of a thermoelectric pellet, resulting in an increase in power output of a thermoelectric generator module. In one embodiment, a thermoelectric device includes a pellet comprising a semiconductor material, a first metal layer surrounding a first portion of the pellet, and a second metal layer surrounding a second portion of the pellet. The first and second metal layers are configured proximate to one another about a perimeter of the pellet. The pellet is exposed at the perimeter. And the perimeter is configured at a sidewall height about the pellet to provide a non-linear effect on a power output of the thermoelectric device by modifying an isotherm surface curvature within the pellet. The device also includes a metal container thermally and electrically bonded to the pellet.
1 . A thermoelectric device, comprising:
a semiconductor pellet having a top surface, a bottom surface, and a sidewall extending between the top and bottom surfaces;
a first metal layer covering the top surface, the bottom surface, and the sidewall of the semiconductor pellet except for a gap that exposes a portion of the sidewall of the semiconductor pellet; wherein the center of the gap is located at a distance less than 20% of the height of the semiconductor pellet from the top or bottom surface
a second metal layer covering the first metal layer;
and
a metal container thermally and electrically bonded to the second metal layer via solder, wherein the gap is configured about a perimeter of the semiconductor pellet off-center with respect to a height of the semiconductor pellet, wherein the first and second metal layers remain at a sidewall of the semiconductor pellet above and below the gap.
2 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the gap is configured at a sidewall height that provides a non-linear effect on a power output of the thermoelectric device by modifying an isotherm surface curvature within the semiconductor pellet.
3 . The thermoelectric device of claim 2 , wherein:
the isotherm surface curvature within the semiconductor pellet is operable to increase an effective surface area of a thermoelectric effect within a volume of the semiconductor pellet via heat injection through the sidewall of the semiconductor pellet.
4 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the metal container surrounds the second metal layer proximate to the gap.
5 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the metal container provides a thermal lensing electrode structure.
6 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first metal layer and the semiconductor pellet comprise beveled edges proximate to the perimeter of the semiconductor pellet to electrically isolate the first and second metal layers from one another.
7 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first and second metal layers comprise a higher thermal conductivity than the semiconductor pellet.
8 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the semiconductor pellet is configured in a shape that is operable to increase a thermal lensing effect of the thermoelectric device.
9 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the shape is cuboid.
10 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the shape is cylindrical.
11 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first and the second metal layers are electrically isolated from one another.
12 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first metal layer comprises copper, titanium, tungsten, nickel-phosphorous, or a chromium alloy.
13 . The thermoelectric device of claim 1 , wherein:
the second metal layer comprises copper, nickel, silver, gold, palladium, or nickel-phosphorous.