IP Library Granted Patent US 12,562,884
Granted Patent B2
US 12,562,884 · App. 17/950,493 · Granted Feb 24, 2026

Obfuscating data at-transit

Inventors: Michael Weiner (Ness-Ziona, IL); Oded Golombek (Even Yehuda, IL); Harel Adani (Raanana, IL)
Assignee: ARM LIMITED
H04L9/003G06F21/606G06F21/85G06F7/588H04L9/0872H04L2209/08H04L2209/16
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,562,884
App. No.
17/950,493
Granted
Feb 24, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

A method for obfuscating data at-transit can include receiving, at a first component on a chip, an instruction request for communicating a first data to a second component on the chip. The first component can be a processor and the second component can be an associated memory. The method can further include, determining a sequence of data arranged to obfuscate the first data while including valid bits of the first data, wherein the sequence of data indicates what is to be conveyed across lines on the chip during each time slot over a window of time controlled by a clock signal on the chip; and providing, over the window of time, the first data to the second component across the lines on the chip according to the sequence of data.

Claims (6)

1 . A method for obfuscating data at-transit within an electronic system, the method comprising:

receiving, at a first component on a chip, an instruction request for communicating a first data to a second component on the chip; and

obfuscating the first data between the first component and the second component for inhibiting active probing or remote side-channel analysis of the chip by:

determining, by the first component on the chip, a sequence of data arranged to obfuscate the first data while including valid bits of the first data, wherein the sequence of data indicates what is to be conveyed across lines on the chip during each time slot over a window of time controlled by a clock signal on the chip, wherein the window of time is an amount of time given for the second component to receive the first data; and

providing, by the first component over the window of time, the first data to the second component across the lines on the chip according to the sequence of data,

wherein determining the sequence of data comprises reordering the valid bits of data out of order, and wherein the sequence of data arranged to obfuscate the first data includes only valid bits of the first data.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Sep 23, 2022
From: WEINER, MICHAEL; GOLOMBEK, ODED; ADANI, HAREL
To: ARM LIMITED
Reel/Frame 061192/0890 →
Continuity (2)
Continuation 16656388 · Oct 17, 2019
Related Publication 20230018185A1 · Jan 19, 2023
References Cited (294)
US 4009343A · Markey · 1977 [cited by examiner]
US 4009344A · Flemming · 1977 [cited by examiner]
US 4009345A · Flemming · 1977 [cited by examiner]
US 4009346A · Parker · 1977 [cited by examiner]
US 4009347A · Flemming · 1977 [cited by examiner]
US 4873630A · Rusterholz · 1989 [cited by examiner]
US 5347648A · Stamm · 1994 [cited by examiner]
US 5404482A · Stamm · 1995 [cited by examiner]
US 5404483A · Stamm · 1995 [cited by examiner]
US 5432918A · Stamm · 1995 [cited by examiner]
US 5619274A · Roop · 1997 [cited by examiner]
US 5790198A · Roop · 1998 [cited by examiner]
US 6263396B1 · Cottle · 2001 [cited by examiner]
US 7193994B1 · Payson · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 7304996B1 · Swenson · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 7539750B1 · Parker · 2009 [cited by examiner]
US 7613209B1 · Nguyen · 2009 [cited by examiner]
US 9646516B2 · Chamley et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9749302B1 · Copeland · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 9830588B2 · Davis et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9836613B2 · Edge · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 9887969B1 · Shemesh · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 9904814B2 · Gonzalez · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9967090B2 · Le Saint · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10007941B1 · Liu · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10015009B2 · Michiels · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10020940B2 · Freed · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10037330B1 · Burshteyn · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10044501B1 · Bradley · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10110375B2 · Ma · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10127392B1 · Anderson · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10140612B1 · Murray · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10289816B1 · Malassenet · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 10318762B1 · Buckingham · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 10326798B2 · Lambert · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 10339837B1 · Gounares · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 10346223B1 · Sharifi · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 10484169B1 · Kuroiwa · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 10496666B1 · Kurtic · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 10509918B1 · Cho · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 10523433B1 · Monahan · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 10678707B2 · Poeppelmann et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10685096B2 · Schepers · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 10721213B1 · Hagelstrom · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 10733325B1 · Goodsitt · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 10824897B1 · Cao · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 10936738B1 · Roberts · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 11139971B2 · Poeppelmann · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11265163B2 · Poeppelmann · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11516109B1 · White · 2022 [cited by examiner]
US 11531767B1 · Szanto · 2022 [cited by examiner]
US 20010014976A1 · Roop · 2001 [cited by examiner]
US 20020108063A1 · Lee et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020152209A1 · Merugu et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20030007513A1 · Barker · 2003 [cited by examiner]
US 20050138054A1 · Godwin · 2005 [cited by examiner]
US 20060041722A1 · Hakura · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060061795A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060067592A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060072952A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060087525A1 · Jackson Pulver · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060092205A1 · Jackson Pulver · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060092222A1 · Jackson Pulver · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060098042A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060098044A1 · Jackson Pulver · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060125854A1 · Jackson Pulver · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060125855A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060125857A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060125858A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060125859A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060125861A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060125863A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060125876A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060129806A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060132512A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060132516A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060132518A1 · Jackson Pulver · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060132521A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060132525A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060132822A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060136725A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060139380A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060139386A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060139387A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060139388A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060139681A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060143454A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060164451A1 · Pulver · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060164452A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060164453A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060164454A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060164455A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060164462A1 · Silverbrook · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060181558A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060187251A1 · Pulver · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060200672A1 · Calhoon · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060274112A1 · Jackson Pulver · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060294312A1 · Walmsley · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20070019016A1 · Silverbrook · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 20070083491A1 · Walmsley · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 20070186082A1 · Prokopenko · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 20080005024A1 · Kirkwood · 2008 [cited by examiner]
US 20090182965A1 · Norman · 2009 [cited by examiner]
US 20100299538A1 · Miller · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110219208A1 · Asaad · 2011 [cited by examiner]
US 20130132607A1 · Sinha et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130151842A1 · Yu · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 20130346336A1 · Murphy · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 20140074719A1 · Gressel · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20140143883A1 · Shen-Orr · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20140192583A1 · Rajan · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20140223170A1 · Reynolds · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20140247942A1 · Tuttle · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20150012737A1 · Newell · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150220431A1 · Rolandi et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150270952A1 · Sethumadhavan · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20150271677A1 · Van Nieuwenhuyze et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160171252A1 · Leiserson · 2016 [cited by examiner]
US 20170006057A1 · Perez Lafuente · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170012952A1 · Cocchi · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170024585A1 · Mooij · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170026342A1 · Sidana · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170033934A1 · Camenisch · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170054554A1 · Park · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170061138A1 · Lambert · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170063548A1 · Naccache · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170091485A1 · Yuen · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170098089A1 · Stewart · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170109539A1 · Kinasz · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170116438A1 · Ekberg · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170126398A1 · Wiener · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170155502A1 · Yanamandra et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170171170A1 · Sun · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170171746A1 · Haase · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170177504A1 · Desai · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170177890A1 · Fink · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170178046A1 · Chakraborty · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170199993A1 · Minamikawa · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170220320A1 · Marin · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170241760A1 · Roth · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170257219A1 · Yi · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170272414A1 · Sadhasivan · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170289237A1 · Feltham · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170316214A1 · El Defrawy · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170316216A1 · Kim · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170324543A1 · Drexler · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170324544A1 · Marin · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170324546A1 · Marin · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170331796A1 · Crofton · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170353294A1 · Marin · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170353302A1 · Fernandez · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170357815A1 · Malka · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170359279A1 · Peterson · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170364687A1 · Malka · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170364705A1 · Villars · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170364710A1 · Sandhu · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170366514A1 · Malka · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170373828A1 · Michiels · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20180007017A1 · Chacko · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180013736A1 · Michiels · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180034847A1 · Stella · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180048459A1 · Ding · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180060561A1 · Pedersen · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180060612A1 · Gladwin · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180062843A1 · Gopal · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180063080A1 · Lehmann · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180081818A1 · Che · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180081825A1 · Aschauer · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180081826A1 · Gounares · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180096166A1 · Rogers · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180097612A1 · Cheng · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180121369A1 · Poeppelmann et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180123794A1 · Goranov · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180129476A1 · Wesson · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180137272A1 · Kamal · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180137310A1 · Schenk · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180137512A1 · Georgiadis · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180139049A1 · Goranov · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180139184A1 · Andersson · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180167197A1 · Anderson · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180173199A1 · Kim · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180181947A1 · Roberts · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180205543A1 · Fradet · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180219680A1 · Kamal · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180225466A1 · Ducatel · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180241552A1 · Kurian · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180241760A1 · Stephens · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180276393A1 · Allen · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180276394A1 · Nair · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180301426A1 · Savidis · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180309568A1 · Bauer · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180309577A1 · Newcombe · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180336209A1 · Burshteyn · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180343119A1 · Chen · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180349575A1 · Somsikov · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180349577A1 · Goldwasser · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180349631A1 · Illendula et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180351914A1 · Jobson · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180367509A1 · O'Hare · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180373885A1 · Arad · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180375839A1 · Dattolo · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180375841A1 · Tola · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20190018936A1 · Zhou · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190034660A1 · Ford · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190042711A1 · Parhi · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190044719A1 · Poeppelmann · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190095629A1 · Lee · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190102574A1 · Roberts · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190108366A1 · Resch · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190140835A1 · Moen · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190141414A1 · Goodes · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190188157A1 · Shamsaasef · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190199694A1 · Albert · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190205568A1 · Veugen · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190220608A1 · Mathrubootham · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190227802A1 · Kessler · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190227986A1 · Burshteyn · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190228165A1 · Mcmillan · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190229886A1 · Gouget · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190238524A1 · Copty · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190272153A1 · Hollmann · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190272162A1 · Couillard · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190303349A1 · Burshteyn · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190303562A1 · Masputra · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190305927A1 · Bhunia · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190305930A1 · Bauer · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190306134A1 · Shanbhogue · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190312728A1 · Poeppelmann · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190342090A1 · Pisasale · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190354716A1 · Basava · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190363883A1 · Rao · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190371209A1 · Gounares · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190372771A1 · Wagner · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190377893A1 · Ciziunas · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20200034565A1 · Kim · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200034573A1 · Pulkus · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200042677A1 · Zwanzger · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200051161A1 · Dylla · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200053560A1 · Lopez · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200076779A1 · Noble · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200104891A1 · Rule et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200112424A1 · Gouget · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200117795A1 · Sasson · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200120083A1 · Kaladgi · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200177605A1 · Hsiung · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200265159A1 · Schmatz · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200266970A1 · Rietman · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200279269A1 · Wagner · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200311306A1 · Kim · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200311678A1 · Fletcher · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200313850A1 · Lin · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200319925A1 · Clampitt, III et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200336303A1 · Sierra et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200358925A1 · Hall · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20200394287A1 · Mucciolo · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20210021420A1 · Hassan · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210034724A1 · Fong · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210073041A1 · Cheng · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210075775A1 · Cheng · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210097154A1 · Mawdsley · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210119763A1 · Weiner · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210319142A1 · Kärkkäinen · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210320795A1 · Murdoch · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210326413A1 · Mallon · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210352049A1 · Aabye · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20220263646A1 · Kim · 2022 [cited by examiner]
US 20220350960A1 · Heller · 2022 [cited by examiner]
US 20220382969A1 · Heller · 2022 [cited by examiner]
US 20220417218A1 · Purta · 2022 [cited by examiner]
US 20230035344A1 · White · 2023 [cited by examiner]
US 20230062354A1 · White · 2023 [cited by examiner]
WO WO2021129961A1 · 2021 [cited by examiner]
Cui et al “Static and Dynamic Obfuscations of Scan Data Against Scan-Based Side-Channel Attacks,” IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 12, No. 2, Feb. 2017, pp. 363-376 (Year: 2017). [cited by examiner]
Nguyen et al “XNoC: A Non-intrusive TDM Circuit-Switched Network-on-Chip,” IEEE, 2016, pp. 1-11 (Year: 2016). [cited by examiner]
Kessner “Design of a Time-Slot-Interchanger and Other TDM bus Interfacing Issues,” IEEE, pp. 515-521 (Year: 1998). [cited by examiner]
Amalarethinam et al “Data Security Enhancement in Public Storage Using Data Obfuscation & Steganography,” World Congress on Computing and Communication Technologies, (WCCCT), pp. 181-184 (Year: 2017). [cited by examiner]
Spreitzer et al “Systematic Classification of Side-Channel Attacks: A Case Study for Mobile Devices,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, pp. 1-24 (Year: 2017). [cited by examiner]
Awad et al “ObfusMem: A Low-Overhead Access Obfuscation for Trusted Memories,” ISCA '17, Jun. 24-28, Toronto, ON, Canada, ASM, pp. 107-119, (Year: 2017). [cited by examiner]
Dunaev et al “Aspects of Intermediate Level Obfuscation,” 2013 Third Eastern European Regional Conference on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 138-142 (Year: 2013). [cited by examiner]
Zhang “A Practical Logic Obfuscation Technique for Hardware Security,” IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 24, No. 3, IEEE, pp. 1-5 (Year: 2015). [cited by examiner]
Tang et al “Side-Channel Attacks in a Real Scenario,” pp. 586-598 (Year: 2018). [cited by examiner]
Lemke-Rust et al “Exploring Embedded Software with Side Channels and Fault Analysis,” pp. 1-4 (Year: 2018). [cited by examiner]
Non-Final Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 16/656,388, mailed Dec. 14, 2020, 23 pages. [cited by applicant]
Zhao Pan et al. “Obfuscation Algorithm Design Based on Fully Homomorphism” IEEE, 2018, pp. 1-3. [cited by applicant]
Sijie Xiong et al. “Defending Against Packet-Size Side-Channel Attacks in IOT Networks” ICASSP 2018, 2018, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Final Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 16/656,388, mailed Jun. 24, 2021, 24 pages. [cited by applicant]
Non-Final Office Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 16/656,388, mailed Oct. 5, 2021, 25 pages. [cited by applicant]
Yannick Sierra et al., U.S. Appl. No. 62/564,947, 2017, 57 pages. [cited by applicant]
Advisory Action issued in U.S. Appl. No. 16/656,388, mailed Apr. 29, 2022, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Awad et al. “ObfusMem: A Low-Overhead Access Obfuscation for Trusted Memories” ACM, 2017, pp. 107-119. [cited by applicant]
Iang Wang et al. “Seeing through Network-Protocol Obfuscation” ACM, 2015, pp. 1-13. [cited by applicant]
Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 16/656,388, mailed May 25, 2022, 20 pages. [cited by applicant]
Lucas Dixon et al. “Network Traffic Obfuscation and Automated Internet Censorship” Nov. 14, 2016, pp. 1-9. [cited by applicant]
Daniele Riboni et al. “Obfuscation of Sensitive Data in Network Flows” IEEE INFOCOM, Mar. 2012, pp. 1-10. [cited by applicant]