Anamorphic directional illumination device
An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus comprises a spatial light modulator with asymmetric pixels; an input transverse anamorphic lens; and an extraction waveguide that passes input light in a first direction to a lateral anamorphic reflector arranged to reflect the light back through the waveguide. Partially reflective extraction elements are arranged between the rear and front guide surfaces of the waveguide to extract the reflected light towards the pupil of an observer, maintaining the directionality of the fan of light rays from the spatial light modulator and anamorphic imaging system. A thin, transparent and efficient anamorphic display apparatus for Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality displays is provided.
1 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus comprising:
an illumination system comprising a spatial light modulator, the illumination system being arranged to output light; and
an optical system arranged to direct light from the illumination system to a viewer's eye, wherein the optical system has an optical axis and has anamorphic properties in a lateral direction and a transverse direction that are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the optical axis, wherein the spatial light modulator comprises pixels distributed in the lateral direction, and the optical system comprises:
a transverse anamorphic component having positive optical power in the transverse direction, wherein the transverse anamorphic component is arranged to receive light from the spatial light modulator and the illumination system is arranged so that light output from the transverse anamorphic component is directed in directions that are distributed in the transverse direction;
an extraction waveguide arranged to receive light from the transverse anamorphic component;
a lateral anamorphic component having positive optical power in the lateral direction, the extraction waveguide being arranged to guide light from the transverse anamorphic component to the lateral anamorphic component along the extraction waveguide in a first direction; and
a light reversing reflector that is arranged to reflect light that has been guided along the extraction waveguide in the first direction so that the reflected light is guided along the extraction waveguide in a second direction opposite to the first direction,
wherein the extraction waveguide comprises an array of reflective extraction features disposed internally within the extraction waveguide, the reflective extraction features being arranged to transmit light guided along the extraction waveguide in the first direction and to extract light guided along the extraction waveguide in the second direction towards an eye of a viewer, the array of reflective extraction features being distributed along the extraction waveguide so as to provide exit pupil expansion.
2 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the reflective extraction features comprise extraction reflectors extending across at least part of the extraction waveguide between front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide.
3 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 2 ,
wherein the array of reflective extraction reflectors have reflectivities defined across their overall area that increase with increasing distance along the second direction.
4 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the extraction reflectors comprise extraction surfaces spaced apart by a partially reflective coating.
5 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the partially reflective coating comprises at least one dielectric layer.
6 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the at least one dielectric layer comprises a stack of dielectric layers.
7 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the partially reflective coating is metallic.
8 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the extraction reflectors comprise extraction surfaces spaced apart by a gap.
9 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the extraction surfaces have an anti-reflection coating.
10 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the extraction reflectors extend partially across the extraction waveguide between the front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide with successively shifted positions.
11 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the extraction reflectors extend to the front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide.
12 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the extraction reflectors do not extend to the front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide.
13 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 10 , further comprising intermediate reflectors extending along the extraction waveguide between adjacent pairs of extraction reflectors.
14 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the intermediate reflectors comprise intermediate surfaces spaced apart by a partially reflective coating.
15 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the partially reflective coating comprises at least one dielectric layer.
16 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the at least one dielectric layer comprises a stack of dielectric layers.
17 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the partially reflective coating is metallic.
18 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the intermediate reflectors comprise intermediate surfaces spaced apart by a gap.
19 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 18 , wherein the intermediate surfaces have an anti-reflection coating.
20 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the extraction waveguide comprises plural constituent parts having facing stepped surfaces attached together, the stepped surfaces being shaped with alternating extraction surfaces extending in the transverse direction and intermediate surfaces extending along the extraction waveguide, wherein the extraction reflectors comprise the facing extraction surfaces.
21 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 20 , wherein the intermediate surfaces are optically coupled together.
22 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the extraction reflectors comprise plural sets of extraction reflectors, wherein, within each set of extraction reflectors, in the transverse direction the extraction reflectors extend partially across the extraction waveguide with successively shifted positions, the extraction reflectors of different sets overlapping in extent in the transverse direction.
23 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein at least part of the extraction waveguide comprises plural constituent plates optically coupled together, wherein the extraction reflectors are formed between the plural constituent plates.
24 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the extraction reflectors extend between the front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide.
25 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the extraction reflectors have the same reflective area.
26 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the extraction reflectors are patterned to have different reflective areas providing reflectivities defined across their overall area that increase with increasing distance along the optical axis.
27 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the extraction reflectors have a surface normal direction that is inclined with respect to the direction along the extraction waveguide by an angle in the range of 20 to 40 degrees.
28 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the extraction waveguide comprises a transmissive element and a diffractive optical element optically coupled together, wherein the reflective extraction features comprise portions of the diffractive optical element.
29 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 28 , wherein the diffractive optical element is a volume hologram.
30 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide have an anti-reflection coating.
31 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the optical system further comprises:
an input linear polarizer disposed between the transverse anamorphic component and an input end of the extraction waveguide; and
a polarization conversion retarder disposed between the transverse anamorphic component and the input linear polarizer, the polarization conversion retarder being arranged to convert a polarization state of light passing therethrough between a linear polarization state and a circular polarization state.
32 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 31 , wherein the polarisation polarization conversion retarder has a retardance of a quarter wavelength at a wavelength of visible light.
33 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the light reversing reflector is a reflective end of the extraction waveguide.
34 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the lateral anamorphic component comprises the light reversing reflector.
35 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the optical system comprises an input linear polarizer disposed between the spatial light modulator and the array of extraction reflectors and a polarization conversion retarder disposed between the light reversing reflector and the array of reflective extraction features, the polarization conversion retarder being arranged to convert a polarization state of light passing therethrough between a linear polarization state and a circular polarization state.
36 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 35 , wherein the polarization conversion retarder has a retardance of a quarter wavelength at a wavelength of visible light.
37 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 35 , wherein the input linear polarizer is arranged to pass light that is in a p-polarization state in the extraction waveguide.
38 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the lateral anamorphic component comprises a lens.
39 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the optical system comprises an input section comprising an input reflector that is the transverse anamorphic component and is arranged to reflect the light from the illumination system and direct it along the extraction waveguide.
40 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 39 , wherein the transverse anamorphic component further comprises a lens.
41 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 39 , wherein the input section further comprises an input face disposed on a front or rear side of the extraction waveguide and facing the input reflector, and the input section is arranged to receive the light from the illumination system through the input face.
42 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 41 , wherein the input face extends at an acute angle to a front guide surface in the case that the input face is on a front side of the extraction waveguide or to a rear guide surface in the case that the input face is on a rear side of the extraction waveguide.
43 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 41 , wherein the input face extends parallel to a front guide surface in the case that the input face is on a front side of the extraction waveguide or to a rear guide surface in the case that the input face is on a rear side of the extraction waveguide.
44 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 43 , wherein the input face is coplanar with the front guide surface in the case that the input face is on the front side of the extraction waveguide or with the rear guide surface in the case that the input face is on the rear side of the extraction waveguide.
45 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 41 , wherein the input face is disposed outwardly of a front or rear guide surface.
46 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 45 , wherein the input section further comprises a separation face extending outwardly from the one of the front or rear guide surfaces to the input face.
47 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 39 , wherein the input section is integral with the extraction waveguide.
48 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 39 , wherein
the extraction waveguide has an end that is an input face through which the extraction waveguide is arranged to receive light from the illumination system, and
the input section is a separate element from the extraction waveguide that further comprises an output face and is arranged to direct light reflected by the input reflector through the output face and into the extraction waveguide through the input face of the extraction waveguide.
49 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the extraction waveguide is arranged to receive light from the illumination system through an input area of an opposing surface of the extraction waveguide, the extraction waveguide further comprising a diffractive deflector element opposite the input area on another opposing surface of the extraction waveguide, the diffractive deflector element being arranged to deflect the light received through the input area along the extraction waveguide.
50 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 49 , wherein the transverse anamorphic component comprises the diffractive deflector element.
51 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the transverse anamorphic component comprises a lens.
52 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the extraction waveguide has an end that is an input face through which the extraction waveguide is arranged to receive light from the illumination system.
53 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 52 , wherein the transverse anamorphic component is disposed outside the extraction waveguide, and the extraction waveguide is arranged to receive light from the transverse anamorphic component through the input face.
54 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 52 , wherein the direction of the optical axis through the transverse anamorphic component is inclined with respect to front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide.
55 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 52 , wherein the input end is inclined with respect to front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide.
56 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the pixels of the spatial light modulator are also distributed in the transverse direction so that the light output from the transverse anamorphic component is directed in the directions that are distributed in the transverse direction.
57 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 56 , wherein the spatial light modulator comprises pixels having pitches in the lateral and transverse directions with a ratio that is the same as the inverse of the ratio of optical powers of lateral and transverse anamorphic optical elements.
58 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the illumination system further comprises a deflector element arranged to deflect light output from the transverse anamorphic component by a selectable amount, the deflector element being selectively operable to direct the light output from the transverse anamorphic component in the directions that are distributed in the transverse direction.
59 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide are planar and parallel.
60 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the reflective extraction features are inclined with respect to the first and second directions along the optical axis.
61 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 60 , wherein the reflective extraction features are inclined at the same angle.
62 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the reflective extraction features have a varying pitch along the extraction waveguide.
63 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the reflective extraction features have a varying extent between front and rear guide surfaces of the extraction waveguide.
64 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a control system arranged to operate the illumination system to provide light input in accordance with image data representing an image.
65 . An anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the reflective extraction arrangement comprises two separated regions, each region being arranged to extract light guided along the extraction waveguide towards a respective eye of the viewer.
66 . A head-worn display apparatus comprising an anamorphic near-eye display apparatus according to claim 1 and a head-mounting arrangement arranged to mount the anamorphic near-eye display apparatus on a head of a wearer with the anamorphic near-eye display apparatus extending across at least one eye of the wearer.
67 . A head-worn display apparatus according to claim 66 , further comprising lenses having optical power, the anamorphic near-eye display apparatus overlying one or each lens.
68 . A head-worn display apparatus according to claim 66 , wherein the head-worn display apparatus comprises a pair of spectacles.
69 . A head-worn display apparatus according to claim 66 , wherein the anamorphic near-eye display apparatus is a first anamorphic near-eye display apparatus and the head-worn display apparatus further comprises a second anamorphic near-eye display apparatus, wherein the second anamorphic near-eye display apparatus is arranged in series with the first anamorphic near-eye display apparatus and wherein the second anamorphic near-eye display apparatus comprises:
an illumination system comprising a spatial light modulator, the illumination system being arranged to output light; and
an optical system arranged to direct light from the illumination system to a viewer's eye, wherein the optical system has an optical axis and has anamorphic properties in a lateral direction and a transverse direction that are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the optical axis, wherein the spatial light modulator comprises pixels distributed in the lateral direction, and the optical system comprises:
a transverse anamorphic component having positive optical power in the transverse direction, wherein the transverse anamorphic component is arranged to receive light from the spatial light modulator and the illumination system is arranged so that light output from the transverse anamorphic component is directed in directions that are distributed in the transverse direction;
an extraction waveguide arranged to receive light from the transverse anamorphic component;
a lateral anamorphic component having positive optical power in the lateral direction, the extraction waveguide being arranged to guide light from the transverse anamorphic component to the lateral anamorphic component along the extraction waveguide in a first direction; and
a light reversing reflector that is arranged to reflect light that has been guided along the extraction waveguide in the first direction so that the reflected light is guided along the extraction waveguide in a second direction opposite to the first direction,
wherein the extraction waveguide comprises an array of reflective extraction features disposed internally within the extraction waveguide, the reflective extraction features being arranged to transmit light guided along the extraction waveguide in the first direction and to extract light guided along the extraction waveguide in the second direction towards an eye of a viewer, the array of reflective extraction features being distributed along the extraction waveguide so as to provide exit pupil expansion.
70 . A head-worn display apparatus according to claim 69 , wherein a virtual image distance for light from the second anamorphic near-eye display apparatus is different to a virtual image distance for light from the first anamorphic near-eye display apparatus.
71 . A head-worn display apparatus according to claim 66 , further comprising a non-anamorphic near-eye display apparatus, wherein
the non-anamorphic near-eye display apparatus comprises a non-anamorphic spatial light modulator and a non-anamorphic magnifying optical system; and wherein
the non-anamorphic near-eye display apparatus is arranged in series with the anamorphic near-eye display apparatus.
72 . A head-worn display apparatus according to claim 71 , wherein a virtual image distance for light from the non-anamorphic near-eye display apparatus is different from a virtual image distance for light from the anamorphic near-eye display apparatus.
73 . An anamorphic directional illumination device comprising:
an illumination system comprising a light source array, the illumination system being arranged to output light; and
an optical system arranged to direct light from the illumination system, wherein the optical system has an optical axis and has anamorphic properties in a lateral direction and a transverse direction that are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the optical axis, wherein the light source array comprises light sources distributed in the lateral direction, and the optical system comprises:
a transverse anamorphic component having positive optical power in the transverse direction, wherein the transverse anamorphic component is arranged to receive light from the light source array and the illumination system is arranged so that light output from the transverse anamorphic component is directed in directions that are distributed in the transverse direction;
an extraction waveguide arranged to receive light from the transverse anamorphic component;
a lateral anamorphic component having positive optical power in the lateral direction, the extraction waveguide being arranged to guide light from the transverse anamorphic component to the lateral anamorphic component along the extraction waveguide in a first direction; and
a light reversing reflector that is arranged to reflect light that has been guided along the extraction waveguide in the first direction so that the reflected light is guided along the extraction waveguide in a second direction opposite to the first direction,
wherein the extraction waveguide comprises at least one reflective extraction feature disposed internally within the extraction waveguide, the at least one reflective extraction feature being arranged to transmit light guided along the extraction waveguide in the first direction and to extract light guided along the extraction waveguide in the second direction.
74 . A vehicle external light device comprising an anamorphic directional illumination device according to claim 73 .
75 . A vehicle external light apparatus comprising:
a housing for fitting to a vehicle; and
a vehicle external light device according to claim 74 mounted on the housing.