Reference voltage generator using a pair of complementary-to-absolute temperature voltages
Disclosed are a structure and method for generating a reference voltage (VREF) that remains essentially constant in response variations in temperature and/or variations in a positive supply voltage. The structure can include a VREF generation circuit with a first stage for generating a first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage (V_CTAT 1 ), a second stage for generating a second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage (V_CTAT 2 ) higher than but exhibiting the same temperature-dependent rate of change as V_CTAT 1 , and an output stage for generating VREF as a function of the difference between V_CTAT 2 and V_CTAT 1 (e.g., VREF can be approximately equal to V_CTAT 2 minus V_CTAT 1 ). In this structure, the same bias voltage (VBIAS) is employed for each stage and all transistors can be metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). With the disclosed configuration, a more stable VREF across a wider temperature range and/or VDD range is achievable and the structure may consume less chip area.
1 . A structure comprising:
a first stage;
a second stage; and
an output stage including two field effect transistors having gates connected to receive a first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage from the first stage and a second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage from the second stage, respectively, wherein the output stage further outputs a reference voltage dependent on a difference between the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage and the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage,
wherein the two field effect transistors include two N-type field effect transistors connected in series and having front gates connected to receive the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage and the second complementary-to-absolute temperature, respectively, and
wherein the output stage further includes an output node between the two N-type field effect transistors, wherein the reference voltage is output on the output node.
2 . The structure of claim 1 ,
wherein the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage is greater than the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage, and
wherein the reference voltage is constant and approximately equal to the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage minus the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage.
3 . The structure of claim 1 , wherein temperature-dependent variations in the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage and in the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage are at a same rate.
4 . The structure of claim 1 , wherein each of the two N-type field effect transistors has a source region and a back gate connected to the source region.
5 . The structure of claim 1 ,
wherein the output stage further includes a P-type field effect transistor,
wherein the two N-type field effect transistors and the P-type field effect transistor are connected in series between a ground rail and a positive supply voltage rail, and
wherein the P-type field effect transistor has a front gate connected to receive a bias voltage, a source region connected to the positive supply voltage rail, and a back gate connected to the source region.
6 . The structure of claim 1 , wherein the reference voltage varies by less than 10% with changes in temperature between −40° Celsius (C) and 150° C.
7 . A structure comprising:
a first stage including:
a first N-type field effect transistor and a first P-type field effect transistor connected in series; and
a first intermediate node between the first N-type field effect transistor and the first P-type field effect transistor, wherein the first stage outputs a first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage at the first intermediate node;
a second stage including:
a second N-type field effect transistor, a third N-type field effect transistor, and a second P-type field effect transistor connected in series; and
a second intermediate node between the third N-type field effect transistor and the second P-type field effect transistor, wherein the second stage outputs a second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage at the second intermediate node; and
an output stage including:
a fourth N-type field effect transistor, a fifth N-type field effect transistor, and a third P-type field effect transistor connected in series, wherein the fourth N-type field effect transistor and the fifth N-type field effect transistor have front gates connected to receive the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage and the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage, respectively; and
an output node between the fourth N-type field effect transistor and the fifth N-type field effect transistor, wherein the output stage outputs a reference voltage at the output node and the reference voltage is dependent on a difference between the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage and the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage.
8 . The structure of claim 7 ,
wherein the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage is greater than the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage, and
wherein the reference voltage is constant and approximately equal to the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage minus the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage.
9 . The structure of claim 7 , wherein temperature-dependent variations in the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage and in the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage are at a same rate.
10 . The structure of claim 7 , wherein each field effect transistor has a source region and a back gate connected to the source region.
11 . The structure of claim 7 ,
wherein, in the first stage, the first N-type field effect transistor and the first P-type field effect transistor are connected in series between a ground rail and a positive supply voltage rail,
wherein, in the second stage, the second N-type field effect transistor, the third N-type field effect transistor, and the second P-type field effect transistor are connected in series between the ground rail and the positive supply voltage rail,
wherein the first N-type field effect transistor is larger than both the second N-type field effect transistor and the third N-type field effect, and
wherein, in the output stage, the fourth N-type field effect transistor, the fifth N-type field effect transistor, and the third P-type field effect transistor are connected in series between the ground rail and the positive supply voltage rail.
12 . The structure of claim 11 , further comprising a bias voltage generation circuit,
wherein the bias voltage generation circuit outputs a bias voltage, and
wherein the first P-type field effect transistor, the second P-type field effect transistor and the third P-type field effect transistor have front gates connected to receive the bias voltage.
13 . The structure of claim 11 , wherein the first N-type field effect transistor, the second N-type field effect transistor, and the third N-type field effect transistor each include a front gate and a drain region connected to the front gate.
14 . The structure of claim 7 , wherein the reference voltage varies by less than 10 percent with changes in temperature between −40° Celsius (C) and 150° C.
15 . A method comprising:
generating, by a first stage of a structure, a first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage;
generating, by a second stage of the structure, a second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage; and
generating, by an output stage of the structure, a reference voltage,
wherein the output stage includes two field effect transistors having gates connected to receive a first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage from the first stage and a second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage from the second stage, respectively,
wherein the reference voltage depends on a difference between the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage and the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage, and
wherein the reference voltage is approximately equal to the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage minus the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the generating of the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage and the generating of the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage include generating the second complementary absolute temperature voltage at a higher voltage level than the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage.
17 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the generating of the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage and the generating of the second complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage include generating the second complementary absolute temperature voltage so as to exhibit temperature-dependent variations at a same rate as the first complementary-to-absolute temperature voltage.
18 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the generating of the reference voltage includes generating the reference voltage so as to exhibit a less than 10% change with changes in temperature between −40° Celsius (C) and 150° C.