Calcium fortification of bread dough
Calcium additives useful for fortifying baked goods, such as bread products, with calcium are disclosed. The calcium additives are particularly useful for fortifying leavened baked goods with calcium. Methods for preparing the calcium additives and using the calcium additives to fortify baked goods are also disclosed. Generally, the calcium additives comprise intimate admixtures calcium carbonate and an acid such as citric acid.
1. A method of fortifying bread dough with calcium comprising:
incorporating a dry calcium additive into bread dough comprising flour and a leavening agent, the dry calcium additive consisting essentially of an intimate admixture of:
(i) an organic acid which is solid at ambient temperature; and
(ii) calcium carbonate powder having a median particle diameter below about 30 μm;
in a weight ratio of calcium carbonate powder to organic acid of from about 10:1 to about 75:1; and
wherein the pH of the bread dough, including the calcium additive, is from about 3 to about 6.5.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, and malic acid.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the acid is citric acid.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate to citric acid is from about 10:1 to about 50:1.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate to citric acid is from about 10:1 to about 30:1.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate to citric acid is from about 15:1 to about 25:1.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate to citric acid is from about 18:1 to about 23:1.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the bread dough, including the dry calcium additive, is from about 4.0 to about 6.5.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the bread dough, including the dry calcium additive, is from about 4.5 to about 5.6.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the calcium carbonate is provided as a powder having a median particle diameter below about 20 μm.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the calcium carbonate is provided as a powder having a mean particle diameter from about 10 μm to about 15 μm.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the calcium carbonate is provided as a powder having a mean particle diameter from about 12 μm to about 14 μm.
13. A method of fortifying dough with calcium comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a dry calcium additive consisting essentially of:
(i) an organic acid which is solid at ambient temperature; and
(ii) calcium carbonate powder having a median particle diameter below about 30 μm; wherein the dry additive comprises a weight ratio of calcium carbonate powder to organic acid from about 10:1 to about 75:1; and
(b) incorporating the calcium additive into the dough to form a calcium fortified dough having a pH below 7.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, and malic acid.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the acid is citric acid.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate to citric acid is from about 10:1 to about 50:1.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the ratio of calcium carbonate to citric acid is from about 10:1 to about 30:1.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate to citric acid is from about 15:1 to about 25:1.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate to citric acid is from about 18:1 to about 23:1.
20. The method of claim 13 wherein the pH of the calcium fortified dough is from about 4.0 to about 6.5.
21. The method of claim 13 wherein the pH of the calcium fortified dough is from about 4.5 to about 5.6.
22. The method of claim 13 wherein the calcium carbonate is provided as a powder having a median particle diameter below about 20 μm.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the calcium carbonate is provided as a powder having a mean particle diameter from about 10 μm to about 15 μm.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the calcium carbonate is provided as a powder having a mean particle diameter from about 12 μm to about 14 μm.
25. The method of claim 13 wherein the dough comprises a leavening agent.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein the leavening agent is yeast.
27. The method of claim 13 wherein the calcium fortified dough has a pH of about 3.0 to about 6.0.
28. The method of claim 13 wherein the calcium additive is added to one of the group consisting of: the sponge in a sponge dough process, the dough in a sponge dough process, the dough in a straight dough process, the dough in a liquid ferment process, the dough in a no-time dough process, or the dough in a continuous mix process.
29. Dough made from wheat flour and water, said dough comprising a leavening agent and a calcium additive consisting essentially of (i) calcium carbonate powder having a median particle diameter below about 30 μm and (ii) an organic acid which is solid at ambient temperature, wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate powder to organic acid is from about 10:1 to about 75:1, said dough having a pH below 7, and being prepared by the method of claim 13 .
30. A method of fortifying a bun or white bread with calcium, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a dry calcium additive consisting essentially of:
(i) an organic acid which is solid at ambient temperature; and
(ii) calcium carbonate powder having a median particle diameter below about 30 μm; wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate powder to organic acid is from about 10:1 to about 30:1;
(b) providing a dough mixture comprising water, wheat flour and a leavening agent;
(c) incorporating said calcium additive into said dough mixture to form a dough having a pH below 7, the dry calcium additive being incorporated in said dough in a quantity sufficient to provide a bun or white bread upon baking having an elemental calcium content of at least about 0.1% by weight of the bun or white bread; and
(d) baking said dough to form a bun or white bread having 1 or more qualities selected from taste, texture, volume, and crumb structure that is substantially identical to or superior to the same quality of an otherwise identical baked product prepared in the absence of said calcium additive.
31. The method of claim 30 wherein said calcium additive is incorporated into said bun or white bread dough in a quantity sufficient to provide a bun or white bread upon baking having an elemental calcium content of at least about 0.5% by weight of the bun or white bread.
32. The method of claim 30 wherein said calcium additive is incorporated into said bun or white bread dough in a quantity sufficient to provide a bun or white bread upon baking having an elemental calcium content of at least about 1% by weight of the bun or white bread.
33. A bun or white bread prepared from dough made from wheat flour and water, said dough comprising a leavening agent and a calcium additive consisting essentially of (i) calcium carbonate powder having a median particle diameter below about 30 μm and (ii) an organic acid which is solid at ambient temperature, wherein the weight ratio of calcium carbonate powder to organic acid is from about 10:1 to about 30:1, said bun or white bread being made by the method of claim 30 .
34. A method of fortifying a bun or white bread with calcium, the method comprising incorporating a dry calcium additive into a dough in a quantity sufficient to provide a bun or white bread upon baking the dough having an elemental calcium content of at least about 0.1% by weight of the bun or white bread and one or more qualities selected from taste, texture, volume, and crumb structure that is substantially identical to or superior to the same quality of an otherwise identical bun or white bread prepared in the absence of said calcium additive; the dough comprising wheat flour and yeast and having a pH below 7; and the dry calcium additive consisting essentially of a blend of citric acid and calcium carbonate powder having a median particle diameter below about 30 μm in a weight ratio of calcium carbonate powder to citric acid of from about 18:1 to about 23:1.