System and method of processing substrates using sonic energy having cavitation control
A system and method for the acoustic-assisted processing of a substrate, such as a semiconductor wafer, that reduces and/or eliminates damage. The invention suppresses cavitation and pressure effects within the cleaning liquid that may damage devices on the wafer by maintaining the liquid under a constant positive pressure. In one aspect, the invention is a method of processing a substrate comprising: a) supporting a substrate; b) applying a film of liquid to at least one surface of the substrate; c) positioning a transmitter so that at least a portion of the transmitter is in contact with the film of liquid, the transmitter operably coupled to a transducer; d) generating acoustical energy with the transducer; and e) transmitting the acoustical energy to the film of liquid via the transmitter so that the liquid is under only positive pressure during application of the acoustical energy.
1 . A method of processing a substrate comprising:
a) supporting a substrate;
b) applying a film of liquid to at least one surface of the substrate;
c) positioning a transmitter so that at least a portion of the transmitter is in contact with the film of liquid, the transmitter operably coupled to a transducer;
d) generating acoustical energy with the transducer; and
e) transmitting the acoustical energy to the film of liquid via the transmitter so that the liquid is under only positive pressure during application of the acoustical energy.
2 . The method of claim 1 wherein the film of liquid is not subjected to a negative pressure during step e).
3 . The method of claim 1 further:
wherein step a) comprises supporting a substrate in a process chamber in a substantially horizontal orientation;
wherein the acoustical energy has a substantially sinusoidal waveform having a peak amplitude that corresponds to a peak pressure exerted on the film of liquid; and
creating a gaseous atmosphere in the process chamber having a pressure that is maintained above the peak pressure exerted on the film during step e).
4 . The method of claim 1 further comprising creating a gaseous atmosphere in the process chamber having a positive pressure that is greater than or equal to an absolute value of a maximum negative pressure exerted on the film of liquid by the acoustical energy during step e).
5 . The method of claim 5 further comprising maintaining the gaseous atmosphere at the positive pressure during the entirety of step e).
6 . The method of claim 1 wherein the acoustical energy is megasonic energy.
7 . The method of claim 1 wherein the transmitter comprises an elongate forward portion that is in contact with the film of liquid.
8 . The method of claim 1 wherein the transmitter comprises an elongated edge that is in contact with the film of liquid.
9 . The method of claim 1 wherein the positive pressure is above atmospheric pressure.
10 . The method of claim 1 wherein step c) comprises positioning the transmitter close to but spaced from the surface of the substrate upon which the film of liquid is applied.
11 . The method of claim 1 further:
wherein the film of liquid is not subjected to a negative pressure during step e);
wherein step a) comprises supporting a substrate in a process chamber in a substantially horizontal orientation;
wherein step c) comprises positioning the transmitter close to but spaced from the surface of the substrate upon which the film of liquid is applied, the transmitter comprising an elongate forward portion that is in contact with the film of liquid;
wherein the acoustical energy has a substantially sinusoidal waveform having a peak amplitude that corresponds to a peak pressure exerted on the film of liquid;
creating a gaseous atmosphere in the process chamber having a pressure that is maintained above the peak pressure during step e); and
wherein the acoustical energy is megasonic energy.
12 . A method of processing a substrate comprising:
a) supporting a substrate in a substantially horizontal orientation in a process chamber;
b) applying a film of liquid to at least one surface of the substrate;
c) positioning a transmitter so that at least a portion of the transmitter is in contact with the film of liquid, the transmitter operably coupled to a transducer;
d) creating a gaseous atmosphere in the process chamber having a pressure;
e) generating acoustical energy with the transducer having a substantially sinusoidal waveform;
f) transmitting the acoustical energy to the film of liquid via the transmitter;
g) determining a peak pressure exerted on the film of liquid that corresponds to the peak amplitude of the acoustical energy; and
wherein the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere is maintained above the peak pressure during step f).
13 . The method of claim 12 wherein the film of liquid is not subjected to a negative pressure during step f).
14 . The method of claim 12 wherein the acoustical energy is megasonic energy.
15 . The method of claim 12 wherein the transmitter comprises an elongate forward portion that is in contact with the film of liquid.
16 . The method of claim 12 wherein the transmitter comprises an elongated edge that is in contact with the film of liquid.
17 . The method of claim 12 wherein step c) comprises positioning the transmitter close to but spaced from the surface of the substrate upon which the film of liquid is applied.
18 . A system for processing a substrate comprising:
a process chamber having a gaseous atmosphere;
a support for supporting a substrate in a substantially horizontal orientation within the gaseous atmosphere of the process chamber;
means for applying a film of liquid to a surface of a substrate positioned on the support;
a transmitter adapted to be positioned in contact with the film of liquid applied to the surface of the substrate;
a transducer operably coupled to the transmitter and adapted to generate acoustical energy having a sinusoidal waveform having a peak amplitude, the peak amplitude corresponding to a peak pressure exerted to the film of liquid;
means for pressurizing the gaseous atmosphere to a pressure that is greater than the peak pressure.
19 . The system of claim 18 further comprising means for maintaining the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere greater than the peak pressure during application of acoustical energy to the substrate.
20 . The system of claim 18 wherein the transmitter comprises an elongate forward portion in contact with the film of the liquid or an elongate edge in contact with the film of the liquid.