Protected transition metal hexacyanoferrate battery electrode
A protected transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery cathode is presented, made from A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles, where the A cations are either alkali or alkaline-earth cations, and M is a transition metal. In one aspect the cathode passivation layer may be materials such as oxides, simple salts, carbonaceous materials, or polymers that form a film overlying the A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles. In another aspect, the cathode passivation layer is a material such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, or iodine that interacts with the A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles, to cure defects in the A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O crystal lattice structure. Also presented are TMHCF battery synthesis methods.
1. A protected transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery cathode comprising:
a metal current collector;
A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles having a crystal lattice structure overlying the current collector;
where A cations are selected from a group consisting of alkali and alkaline-earth cations;
where M is a transition metal;
where x is in a range of 0 to 2;
where y is in a range of 0 to 2;
where z is in a range of 0.1 to 2;
where n is in a range of 1 to 6;
where m is in a range of 0 to 7; and,
a cathode passivation layer including a material capable of interacting with the metal ions of the A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles to cure vacancies in the crystal lattice structure.
2. The TMHCF battery cathode of claim wherein the cathode passivation layer includes materials selected from a group consisting of oxides, simple salts, carbonaceous materials, and polymers; and,
wherein the cathode passivation layer is a film overlying the A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles.
3. The TMHCF battery cathode of claim 2 wherein the cathode passivation layer includes a material selected from a group consisting of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlO 2 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), sodium aluminum oxide (NaAlO 2 ), sodium ferricyanide (Na 3 Fe(CN) 6 ), sodium ferrocyanide (Na 4 Fe(CN) 6 ), potassium ferricyanide (K 3 Fe(CN) 6 ), potassium ferrocyanide (K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ), aluminum phosphate (AlPO 1 ), aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), polypyrrole, and polyaniline.
4. The TMHCF battery cathode of claim 1 wherein the A cations are selected from a group consisting of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K).
5. The TMHCF battery cathode of claim 1 wherein the cathode passivation layer includes a material selected from a group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine.
6. A transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery with a protected cathode, the battery comprising:
a cathode comprising:
a metal current collector;
A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles having a crystal lattice structure overlying the current collector;
where A cations are selected from a group consisting of alkali and alkaline-earth cations;
where M is a transition metal;
where x is in a range of 0 to 2;
where y is in a range of 0 to 2;
where z is in a range of 0.1 to 2;
where n is in a range of 1 to 6;
where m is in a range of 0 to 7;
a cathode passivation layer including a material capable of interacting with the metal ions of the A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles to cure vacancies in the crystal lattice structure;
an anode selected from a group consisting of an A′ metal, an A′ metal containing composite, and a material that can host A′ atoms, where A′ cations are selected from the group consisting of alkali and alkaline-earth cations; and,
an electrolyte.
7. The TMHCF battery of claim 6 wherein the cathode passivation layer includes materials selected from a group consisting of oxides, simple salts, carbonaceous materials, and polymers; and,
wherein the cathode passivation layer is a film overlying the A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles.
8. The TMHCF battery of claim 7 wherein the cathode passivation layer includes a material selected from a group consisting of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlO 2 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), sodium aluminum oxide (NaAlO 2 ), sodium ferricyanide (Na 3 Fe(CN) 6 ), sodium ferrocyanide (Na 4 Fe(CN) 6 ), potassium ferricyanide (K 3 Fe(CN) 6 ), potassium ferrocyanide (K 4 Fe(CM 6 ), aluminum phosphate (AlPO 4 ), aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), polypyrrole, and polyaniline.
9. The TMHCF battery of claim 6 wherein the electrolyte is an organic solvent containing a material selected from a group consisting of A-atom salts, A′-atom salts, and a combination of the above-mentioned salts.
10. The TMHCF battery of claim 6 wherein A is selected from a group consisting of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K); and,
wherein A′ is selected from a group consisting of Na, Ca, Mg, and potassium K.
11. The TMHCF battery of claim 6 wherein the cathode passivation layer includes a material selected from a group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine.