Linear hall effect sensors for multi-phase permanent magnet motors with PWM drive
Low cost linear Hall Effect sensors are used for determining motor shaft positions and generating voltages proportional to the motor shaft positions. The voltages from the linear Hall Effect sensors are compared to a triangle waveform and PWM signals are generated therefrom. A constant current source and constant current sink are used in the triangle waveform generator. The voltages from the linear Hall Effect sensors are adjusted to change the PWM duty cycles used to startup and vary the speed of the motor. Comparators compare the voltages from the Hall Effect sensors and product the PWM signals having duty cycles proportional to the voltage drive requirements of the motor.
1. A control circuit for use with a multi-phase permanent magnet motor, comprising at least a first and a second linear Hall Effect sensors arranged around a motor shaft with a magnet thereon, wherein voltage signals from the at least first and second linear Hall Effect sensors are used to generate at least a first and second of pulse width modulation (PWM) signals adapted to rotate the motor in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction,
first and second adjustable resistors, each having first, second and third terminals, wherein a total resistance value is defined between the first and third terminals of each adjustable resistor, and an adjustable resistance value is available at the second terminals;
wherein
the first terminals of the first and second adjustable resistors are coupled to output voltages of respective ones of the first and second linear Hall Effect sensors,
the second terminals of the first and second adjustable resistors are coupled to non-inverting inputs of respective ones of a first and a second voltage comparators, and
the third terminals of the first and second adjustable resistors are coupled to a first reference voltage from a first voltage reference; and
a ramp generator circuit having a triangle waveform output coupled to inverting inputs of the first and second voltage comparators;
wherein PWM signals are generated by the first and second voltage comparators, whereby the PWM signals have duty cycles dependent upon voltages from the second terminals of the first and second adjustable resistors.
2. The control circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the voltage signals from the linear Hall Effect sensors are used to determine an angular position of the rotating motor shaft.
3. The control circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the multi-phase permanent magnet motor is a three phase permanent magnet motor, comprising three linear Hall Effect sensors arranged at a relative displacement of 120 degrees around the motor shaft with the magnet thereon, wherein voltage signals from the three linear Hall Effect sensors are used to generate three pulse width modulation (PWM) signals adapted to rotate the motor in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
4. The control circuit according to claim 3 , further comprising a third adjustable resistor, having first, second and third terminals, wherein a total resistance value is defined between the first and third terminals of the third adjustable resistor, and an adjustable resistance value is available at the second terminal;
wherein
the first terminals of the third adjustable resistor is coupled to an output voltage of a third linear Hall Effect sensor,
the second terminal of the third adjustable resistor is coupled to a non-inverting input of a third voltage comparator, and
the third terminal of the third adjustable resistor is coupled to the first reference voltage and an inverting input of the third comparator is coupled with the ramp generator circuit;
wherein PWM signals are generated by the first, second and third voltage comparators, whereby the PWM signals have duty cycles dependent upon voltages from the second terminals of the first, second and third adjustable resistors.
5. The control circuit according to claim 3 comprising a pulse width modulation (PWM) drive system, said PWM drive system comprising:
at least two half-wave bridge power field effect transistor (FET) sets adapted for coupling to the permanent magnet motor having the magnet on the rotor shaft thereof;
at least two complementary output PWM drivers with dead-band control, having outputs coupled to respective ones of the three half-wave bridge power FET sets.
6. The control circuit according to claim 5 , wherein the ramp generator comprises:
a constant current source;
a constant current sink;
fourth and fifth voltage comparators having inverting inputs coupled to an output of the ramp generator;
a voltage reference providing a reference voltage coupled to a non-inverting input of the fourth voltage comparator; and
a second voltage reference providing a second reference voltage coupled to a non-inverting input of the fifth voltage comparator;
wherein
when a voltage on the output of the ramp generator is equal to or greater than the second reference voltage then the constant current sink is enabled, and
when the voltage on the output of the ramp generator is less than or equal to the reference voltage then the constant current source is enabled.
7. The control circuit according to claim 1 , wherein an average reference voltage is the sum of a highest peak voltage and a lowest trough voltage divided by two of a triangular voltage waveform.
8. The control circuit according to claim 1 , wherein a period of the PWM signals is ⅕th or less than an electrical time constant (L/R) of motor parameters.
9. The control circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the voltage signals from the linear Hall Effect sensors are used to determine an angular position of the rotating motor shaft.
10. The control circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the voltage signals from the linear Hall Effect sensors are used to monitor an angular position of the motor shaft.
11. The control circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the magnet comprises a central soft magnetic core and individual magnetic segments of Samarium magnet or Alnico material to enhance temperature stability of the magnetics.
12. The control circuit according to claim 1 , wherein a magnetic field of the magnet is shaped by including a fundamental plus a third harmonic to increase voltage output from the linear Hall Effect sensors.
13. The control circuit according to claim 12 , wherein the third harmonic has ⅙ of a strength of the fundamental magnetic field.
14. A method for generating pulse width modulation (PWM) drive for a two phase permanent magnet motor, said method comprising the steps of:
providing the two phase permanent magnet motor with a rotatable motor shaft having a magnet thereon;
providing two linear Hall Effect sensors arranged around the motor rotor shaft and spaced 90 degrees apart;
generating voltages from the two linear Hall Effect sensors when the motor shaft having the magnet therewith rotates;
feeding the voltages from the linear Hall Effect sensors to adjustable resistors, each having first, second and third terminals, the first terminals of the first and second adjustable resistors are coupled to output voltages of respective ones of the linear Hall Effect sensors, the second terminals of the adjustable resistors are coupled to non-inverting inputs of respective ones of associated voltage comparators, and the third terminals of the adjustable resistors are coupled to a first reference voltage from a first voltage reference;
comparing voltages from the second terminals with a triangular voltage waveform by said associated comparators;
generating two PWM signals from the comparison of the voltages from the linear Hall Effect sensors with the triangular voltage waveform;
generating complementary PWM signals with dead-band control from the two PWM signals;
driving two half-wave bridge power field effect transistors (FETs) with the complementary PWM signals with dead-band control; and
coupling the two half-wave bridge power FETs to a power voltage source and to the two phase permanent magnet motor whereby PWM of the power voltage source cause the motor to rotate.
15. A method for generating pulse width modulation (PWM) drive for a three phase permanent magnet motor, said method comprising the steps of:
providing the three phase permanent magnet motor with a rotatable motor shaft having a magnet thereon;
providing three linear Hall Effect sensors arranged around the motor rotor shaft and spaced 120 degrees apart;
generating voltages from the three linear Hall Effect sensors when the motor shaft having the magnet therewith rotates;
feeding the voltages from the linear Hall Effect sensors to adjustable resistors, each having first, second and third terminals, the first terminals of the first and second adjustable resistors are coupled to output voltages of respective ones of the linear Hall Effect sensors, the second terminals of the adjustable resistors are coupled to non-inverting inputs of respective ones of associated voltage comparators, and the third terminals of the adjustable resistors are coupled to a first reference voltage from a first voltage reference;
comparing voltages from the second terminals with a triangular voltage waveform by said associated comparators;
generating three PWM signals from the comparison of the voltages from the linear Hall Effect sensors with the triangular voltage waveform;
generating complementary PWM signals with dead-band control from the three PWM signals;
driving three half-wave bridge power field effect transistors (FETs) with the complementary PWM signals with dead-band control; and
coupling the three half-wave bridge power FETs to a power voltage source and to the three phase permanent magnet motor whereby PWM of the power voltage source cause the motor to rotate.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the voltages from the three linear Hall Effect sensors are used to determine an angular position of the motor shaft.
17. The method according to claim 15 , further comprising the step of shaping a magnetic field of the magnet to increase voltage output from the linear Hall Effect sensors.