Superconductor-to-insulator devices
The various embodiments described herein include methods, devices, and systems for fabricating and operating superconducting switch devices. In one aspect, an electrical circuit includes: (1) a switch device configured to switch between an on state and an off state in response to a first voltage, the switch device comprising: (a) a superconductor layer adapted to transition from a superconducting state to an insulating state in response to a first strain; and (b) a piezoelectric layer positioned adjacent to the superconductor layer, the piezoelectric layer configured to apply the first strain to the superconductor layer in response to the first voltage; (2) a voltage source electrically coupled to the piezoelectric layer of the switch device and configured to supply the first voltage; and (3) an output component coupled to the superconductor layer of the switch device.
1. An electrical circuit, comprising:
a switch device configured to switch between an on state and an off state in response to a first voltage, the switch device comprising:
a superconductor layer having a thickness relative to a superconductor-to-insulator transition thickness such that the superconducting layer is adapted to transition from a superconducting state to an insulating state in response to a first strain; and
a piezoelectric layer positioned adjacent to the superconductor layer, the piezoelectric layer configured to apply the first strain to the superconductor layer in response to the first voltage;
a voltage source electrically coupled to the piezoelectric layer of the switch device and configured to supply the first voltage; and
an output component coupled to the superconductor layer of the switch device;
wherein the thickness of the superconductor layer is within 10% of the superconductor-to-insulator transition thickness.
2. The electrical circuit of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is lattice-matched to the superconductor layer.
3. The electrical circuit of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is shaped to concentrate electrical fields around the superconductor layer.
4. The electrical circuit of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is positioned and adapted to inhibit oxidation of the superconductor layer.
5. The electrical circuit of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer and the superconductor layer are positioned substantially perpendicular to one another.
6. The electrical circuit of claim 1 , wherein the switch device is configured such that, while in the insulating state, electron tunneling through the superconductor layer is inhibited.
7. The electrical circuit of claim 1 , wherein the output component is configured to measure one or more of: a resistance of the superconductor layer, a current through the superconductor layer, and a voltage drop across the superconductor layer.
8. A method comprising:
operating a switch device in a steady state by maintaining a superconductor layer of the switch device in a superconducting state, wherein, in the steady state, current from a current source flows through the superconductor layer; and
switching operation of the switch device from the steady state to an off state by transitioning the superconductor layer to an insulating state, wherein, in the off state, at least a portion of the current from the current source is redirected to an output component;
wherein:
the superconductor layer has a thickness relative to a superconductor-to-insulator transition thickness such that the superconducting layer is adapted to transition from the superconducting state to the insulating state in response to a first strain;
the superconductor layer is transitioned to the insulating state by applying the first strain to the superconductor layer, via a piezoelectric layer coupled to the superconductor layer, while maintaining the superconductor layer at a temperature below a superconducting threshold temperature for the superconductor layer.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein maintaining the superconductor layer in the superconducting state comprises maintaining the superconductor layer at a temperature below the superconducting threshold temperature for the superconductor layer.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the switch device includes the piezoelectric layer.
11. The method of claim 8 , further comprising, while operating the superconductor layer in the insulating state, transitioning the superconductor layer to a non-superconducting conductive state, having lower resistance than the superconductor layer in the insulating state, by removing the first strain.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein, in the steady state, the superconductor layer has zero resistance.
13. An electrical circuit, comprising:
a switch device configured to switch between an on state and an off state in response to a first voltage, the switch device comprising:
a superconductor layer having a thickness relative to a superconductor-to-insulator transition thickness such that the superconducting layer is adapted to transition from a superconducting state to an insulating state in response to a first strain; and
a piezoelectric layer positioned adjacent to the superconductor layer, the piezoelectric layer configured to apply the first strain to the superconductor layer in response to the first voltage;
a voltage source electrically coupled to the piezoelectric layer of the switch device and configured to supply the first voltage; and
an output component coupled to the superconductor layer of the switch device;
wherein the piezoelectric layer is lattice-matched to the superconductor layer.
14. The electrical circuit of claim 13 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is shaped to concentrate electrical fields around the superconductor layer.
15. The electrical circuit of claim 13 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is positioned and adapted to inhibit oxidation of the superconductor layer.
16. The electrical circuit of claim 13 , wherein the piezoelectric layer and the superconductor layer are positioned substantially perpendicular to one another.
17. The electrical circuit of claim 13 , wherein the switch device is configured such that, while in the insulating state, electron tunneling through the superconductor layer is inhibited.
18. The electrical circuit of claim 13 , wherein the output component is configured to measure one or more of: a resistance of the superconductor layer, a current through the superconductor layer, and a voltage drop across the superconductor layer.
19. The electrical circuit of claim 13 , wherein the thickness of the superconductor layer is within 20% of the superconductor-to-insulator transition thickness.
20. An electrical circuit, comprising:
a switch device configured to switch between an on state and an off state in response to a first voltage, the switch device comprising:
a superconductor layer having a thickness relative to a superconductor-to-insulator transition thickness such that the superconducting layer is adapted to transition from a superconducting state to an insulating state in response to a first strain; and
a piezoelectric layer positioned adjacent to the superconductor layer, the piezoelectric layer configured to apply the first strain to the superconductor layer in response to the first voltage;
a voltage source electrically coupled to the piezoelectric layer of the switch device and configured to supply the first voltage; and
an output component coupled to the superconductor layer of the switch device;
wherein the voltage source comprises a superconducting qubit component.
21. The electrical circuit of claim 20 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is lattice-matched to the superconductor layer.
22. The electrical circuit of claim 20 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is shaped to concentrate electrical fields around the superconductor layer.
23. The electrical circuit of claim 20 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is positioned and adapted to inhibit oxidation of the superconductor layer.
24. The electrical circuit of claim 20 , wherein the piezoelectric layer and the superconductor layer are positioned substantially perpendicular to one another.
25. The electrical circuit of claim 20 , wherein the switch device is configured such that, while in the insulating state, electron tunneling through the superconductor layer is inhibited.
26. The electrical circuit of claim 20 , wherein the output component is configured to measure one or more of: a resistance of the superconductor layer, a current through the superconductor layer, and a voltage drop across the superconductor layer.
27. The electrical circuit of claim 20 , wherein the thickness of the superconductor layer is within 20% of the superconductor-to-insulator transition thickness.
28. An electrical circuit, comprising:
a switch device configured to switch between an on state and an off state in response to a first voltage, the switch device comprising:
a superconductor layer having a thickness relative to a superconductor-to-insulator transition thickness such that the superconducting layer is adapted to transition from a superconducting state to an insulating state in response to a first strain; and
a piezoelectric layer positioned adjacent to the superconductor layer, the piezoelectric layer configured to apply the first strain to the superconductor layer in response to the first voltage;
a voltage source electrically coupled to the piezoelectric layer of the switch device and configured to supply the first voltage; and
an output component coupled to the superconductor layer of the switch device;
wherein the superconductor layer is positioned on top of the piezoelectric layer; and
the switch device further comprises a second piezoelectric layer positioned on top of the superconductor layer, the second piezoelectric layer configured to apply a second strain to the superconductor layer in response to the first voltage.
29. The electrical circuit of claim 28 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is lattice-matched to the superconductor layer.
30. The electrical circuit of claim 28 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is shaped to concentrate electrical fields around the superconductor layer.
31. The electrical circuit of claim 28 , wherein the piezoelectric layer is positioned and adapted to inhibit oxidation of the superconductor layer.
32. The electrical circuit of claim 28 , wherein the piezoelectric layer and the superconductor layer are positioned substantially perpendicular to one another.
33. The electrical circuit of claim 28 , wherein the switch device is configured such that, while in the insulating state, electron tunneling through the superconductor layer is inhibited.
34. The electrical circuit of claim 28 , wherein the output component is configured to measure one or more of: a resistance of the superconductor layer, a current through the superconductor layer, and a voltage drop across the superconductor layer.
35. The electrical circuit of claim 28 , wherein the switch device further comprises a second superconductor layer positioned on top of the second piezoelectric layer and coupled in parallel with the superconductor layer.
36. The electrical circuit of claim 28 , wherein the thickness of the superconductor layer is within 20% of the superconductor-to-insulator transition thickness.