System and method of a biosensor for detection of vasodilation
An optical circuit detects PPG signals reflected from skin tissue at one or more different wavelengths. A processing circuit integrated in the biosensor or in communication with the biosensor processes the PPG signals to obtain a level of vasodilation or a period of vasodilation. The processing circuit may determine a circulation level using a phase offset between the PPG signals and/or a correlation value between the PPG signals.
1. A device, comprising:
an optical circuit configured to:
detect photoplethysmography (PPG) signals over a monitoring period, wherein the PPG signals include a first spectral response obtained from light reflected around a first wavelength from skin tissue of a patient and a second spectral response obtained from light reflected around a second wavelength from the skin tissue of the patient, wherein the first wavelength penetrates the skin tissue of the patient at a different depth than the second wavelength;
a processing device configured to:
determine a correlation between a first pulse shape from the first spectral response and a second pulse shape from the second spectral response;
determine a ratio (R) value using the first spectral response and the second spectral response over a monitoring period, wherein the R value is determined using a ratio of an alternating current (AC) component of the first spectral response and an AC component of the second spectral response;
determine a change in the R value obtained using the first spectral response and the second spectral response during the monitoring period; and
determine one or more of: a vasodilation period or a level of vasodilation using the correlation between the first pulse shape and the second pulse shape and the change in the R value.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first wavelength penetrates the skin tissue of the patient at a greater depth than the second wavelength.
3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the processing device is further configured to determine the vasodilation period and the level of vasodilation using the correlation between the first pulse shape and the second pulse shape and a phase offset between the first spectral response and the second spectral response.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the processing device is further configured to:
determine an increase in the level of vasodilation in response to an increase in a correlation value between the first pulse shape and the second pulse shape.
5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the processing device is further configured to:
determine a measurement of arterial stiffness using at least one of: a relative level of vasodilation compared to an average range of vasodilation or a rate of change of the level of vasodilation.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the processing device is further configured to:
determine a change in amplitude of a low frequency component in the first spectral response or the second spectral response, wherein the low frequency component is not affected by pulsatile blood flow due to a cardiac cycle; and
determine the level of vasodilation or period of vasodilation using the change in amplitude of the low frequency component.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the processing device is further configured to:
determine the level of vasodilation and the period of vasodilation using the change in the R value.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the processing device is further configured to:
determine a change in optical absorption properties of the tissue using the first spectral response and the second spectral response; and
determine a level of vasodilation or period of vasodilation using the change in the optical absorption properties.
9. The device of claim 8 , wherein the change in optical absorption properties is due to one or more of: an increase in blood flow in the tissue, movement of tissue due to widening of vessels or a change in tissue hue.
10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the processing device is further configured to:
determine an infection in the tissue of the patient using the level of vasodilation or the period of vasodilation.
11. The device of claim 10 , wherein the processing device is further configured to determine the infection in the tissue using the level of vasodilation in the tissue, the period of vasodilation and a tissue temperature.
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the level of vasodilation includes a measurement of one or more of: a percentage of change in arterial width, diameter or planar area.
13. A biosensor, comprising:
an optical circuit configured to:
detect a first photoplethysmography (PPG) signal reflected around a first wavelength from skin tissue of a patient and a second PPG signal reflected around a second wavelength from the skin tissue of the patient;
a processing circuit configured to:
determine a correlation value between the first and second PPG signals, wherein the correlation value depends on a difference in pulse shape between the first and second PPG signals;
compare the correlation value in pulse shape to a predetermined normal range of correlation values;
determine a ratio (R) value using the first spectral response and the second spectral response over a monitoring period, wherein the R value is determined using a ratio of an alternating current (AC) component of the first spectral response and an AC component of the second spectral; and
determine an abnormal circulation level when the correlation value and the R value is outside the predetermined normal range, wherein the abnormal circulation level indicates a blood circulation problem in the tissue.
14. The biosensor of claim 13 , wherein the processing circuit is configured to determine that the circulation level is a normal circulation level or an abnormal circulation level.
15. The biosensor of claim 13 , wherein the processing circuit is configured to determine a systemic circulation level and a circulation level at a tissue site.
16. The biosensor of claim 13 , wherein the processing circuit is configured to determine the correlation value by determining a difference in pulse shape between the PPG signals and a temporal difference between the PPG signals.
17. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
determine an infection in the skin tissue of the patient using the correlation value and the R value.
18. The biosensor of claim 13 , wherein the first wavelength is in a range from 650 nm to 1350 nm and the second wavelength is outside the range from 650 nm to 1350 nm.
19. A device, comprising:
a photoplethysmography (PPG) circuit configured to:
obtain a first PPG signal around a first wavelength reflected from skin tissue of a patient and a second PPG signal around a second wavelength reflected from the skin tissue of the patient;
a processing device configured to:
obtain a measure of similarity in pulse shape between the first and second PPG signals;
compare the measure of similarity in pulse shape to a predetermined normal range;
determine a ratio (R) value using the first spectral response and the second spectral response over a monitoring period, wherein the R value is determined using a ratio of an alternating current (AC) component of the first spectral response and an AC component of the second spectral response;
determine a concentration level of nitric oxide (NO) using the R value; and
determine an abnormal circulation level using the comparison of the measure of similarity in pulse shape and the concentration level of NO, wherein the abnormal circulation level indicates a blood circulation problem in the tissue.
20. The device of claim 19 , wherein the processing device is further configured to:
determine a risk of an infection in the skin tissue using the measure of similarity in pulse shape.
21. The device of claim 19 , wherein the processing device is further configured to:
determine a difference in a normalized power spectrum between the first and second PPG signals; and
determine the abnormal circulation level using the difference in a normalized power spectrum, the R value and the correlation value.
22. The device of claim 19 , wherein the predetermined normal range is determined using PPG signals from healthy tissue of a general sample population.