Primary nanoparticle fabrication
According to a novel fabrication method, a new composition of matter includes a large percentage (e.g., 75% or higher percentage) of primary nanoparticles in the new composition of matter. The novel fabrication method reduces the size of nanoparticle clusters in material of the new composition of matter, allows fabrication of specific nanoparticle cluster sizes, and allows fabrication of primary nanoparticles. This new composition of matter can include a high permittivity and high resistivity dielectric compound. This new composition of matter, according to certain examples, has high permittivity, high resistivity, and low leakage current. In certain examples, the new composition of matter constitutes a dielectric energy storage device that is a battery with very high energy density, high operating voltage per cell, and an extended battery life cycle.
1. A method of fabrication of material that includes reduced size of nanoparticle grouping, the method comprises:
subjecting one or more calcine heated nanoparticle groupings to a dissolving pH solution, where the pH of the dissolving pH solution is adjusted to dissolve nanoparticle interconnections at interfaces of a plurality of nanoparticles in the one or more nanoparticle groupings;
agitation of the plurality of nanoparticles in the dissolving pH solution;
separating the plurality of nanoparticles from the dissolving pH solution;
placing the plurality of nanoparticles in a pH matching solution, where a pH of the pH matching solution is adjusted to match an iso-electric point of the plurality of nanoparticles;
adding a surfactant to the pH matching solution with the plurality of nanoparticles to separate the plurality of nanoparticles, coat with the surfactant the separated plurality of nanoparticles, and maintain nanoparticle separation in the separated plurality of nanoparticles; and
agitation of the plurality of nanoparticles and surfactant in the pH matching solution to yield at least one of clustered nanoparticles or primary nanoparticles; and
forming a matrix composed of one or more of the clustered nanoparticles or primary nanoparticles of calcium copper titanate (CCTO) that are embedded in SiO 2 .
2. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein at least one nanoparticle grouping comprises one or more of an agglomerate, an aggregate, or a cluster of nanoparticles.
3. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the dissolving pH solution comprises a liquid with a pH of from −2.0 to 12.0 to dissolve the nanoparticle interconnections.
4. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the dissolving pH solution comprises ethanol with a pH of from −2.0 to 12.0 to dissolve the nanoparticle interconnections.
5. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the dissolving pH solution comprises distilled water with a pH of from −2.0 to 12.0 to dissolve the nanoparticle interconnections.
6. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the dissolving pH solution is comprised of a liquid with a pH of between −2.0 to 12.0 to dissolve the nanoparticle interconnections and a surfactant to coat the separated plurality of nanoparticles.
7. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the agitation is performed by at least one of stirring, ball milling, bead milling, sonification, or jet microfluidics.
8. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein a heated surface of one or more of the calcine heated nanoparticle groupings becomes soft and forms a hard interconnection between the plurality of nanoparticles in the one or more calcine heated nanoparticle groupings at an interfacial contact of the plurality of nanoparticles when cooled.
9. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the one or more calcine heated nanoparticle groupings includes one or more agglomerated nanoparticles and/or aggregated nanoparticles, formed as a Van der Waals formation of nanoparticles.
10. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the one or more calcine heated nanoparticle groupings includes one or more agglomerated nanoparticles and/or aggregated nanoparticles, formed as one or more of:
an ionic bond between oxygen atoms of adjacent nanoparticles; or
a covalent bond between metal and non-metal atoms of adjacent nanoparticles.
11. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the one or more calcine heated nanoparticle groupings includes one or more agglomerated nanoparticles and/or aggregated nanoparticles, formed as a metallic bond between atoms of adjacent nanoparticles.
12. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein one of the one or more calcine heated nanoparticle groupings is reduced to primary nanoparticles.
13. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein an agglomeration of nanoparticles is reduced to nanoparticle clusters of ten individual nanoparticles or less.
14. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles includes at least one primary nanoparticle that comprises perovskite material.
15. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles includes perovskite materials applied in a dielectric energy storage material.
16. The method of fabrication of claim 1 , wherein a matrix is composed of reduced one or more nanoparticle groupings that are embedded in another material.