IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,421,169
Granted Patent B2
US 12,421,169 · App. 17/606,415 · Granted Sep 23, 2025

Carbonation of concrete aggregates

Inventors: Michael Thomas (Buckhorn, CA); George Sean Monkman (Halifax, CA); Alex Hanmore (Halifax, CA); Dean Paul Forgeron (Hacketts Cove, CA)
Assignee: CARBONCURE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
C04B18/167B28C5/388C04B28/02C04B40/0231
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,421,169
App. No.
17/606,415
Granted
Sep 23, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

Provided herein are methods and compositions for carbonation of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) to produce carbonated RCA. In addition, uses of the carbonated RCA, such as in building materials, and building materials containing RCA, are included. Carbonation of RCA may be used alone or may be used in combination with other carbonation processes associated with concrete manufacture, such as carbonation of wet concrete mixes and/or carbonation of concrete wash water.

Claims (33)

1. A method for carbonating recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) comprising

(i) introducing carbon dioxide to a container comprising RCA, wherein carbon dioxide is introduced during grading/classification of crushed RCA;

(ii) determining a value for one or more characteristics of the RCA, the container, or gas within the container; and

(iii) based at least in part on the value determined in step (ii), modulating the introduction of carbon dioxide into the container,

whereby the RCA is carbonated to produce carbonated RCA.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more characteristics comprise one or more of pressure of gas within the container, temperature of the RCA, the container, and/or gas within the container, concentration of carbon dioxide within and/or in proximity to the container, duration and flow rate for introducing carbon dioxide into the container, and/or humidity in the container.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the characteristic comprises concentration of carbon dioxide within and/or in proximity to the container.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein the one or more characteristics comprises temperature of the RCA, the container, and/or gas within the container.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the temperature comprises temperature of the container.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the one or more characteristics is determined by a sensor operably connected to a processor, wherein the sensor and/or processor determines one or values for the one or more characteristics.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the processor determines whether or not the one or more values are within a predetermined range or ranges for the one or more values and, if the value or values are outside the range, outputs a signal or signals to one or more actuators to modulate the introduction of carbon dioxide into the container.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the RCA is agitated during some or all of the introduction of carbon dioxide into the container.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein carbon dioxide is introduced into a first container during or immediately after crushing the RCA.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein carbon dioxide is introduced after grading/classification of crushed RCA.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the carbon dioxide is a mixture of gaseous and solid carbon dioxide.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the carbonated RCA is carbonated to a level of 0.05-5% carbon dioxide, w/w.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein some or all of the carbon dioxide is obtained from flue gas of a cement producing facility or is produced by direct air capture of carbon dioxide.

14. A method for carbonating recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) comprising

(i) introducing carbon dioxide to a container comprising RCA, wherein the carbon dioxide is a mixture of gaseous and solid carbon dioxide;

(ii) determining a value for one or more characteristics of the RCA, the container, or gas within the container; and

(iii) based at least in part on the value determined in step (ii), modulating the introduction of carbon dioxide into the container, whereby the RCA is carbonated to produce carbonated RCA.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the one or more characteristics comprise one or more of pressure of gas within the container, temperature of the RCA, the container, and/or gas within the container, concentration of carbon dioxide within and/or in proximity to the container, duration and flow rate for introducing carbon dioxide into the container, and/or humidity in the container.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the characteristic comprises concentration of carbon dioxide within and/or in proximity to the container.

17. The method of claim 15 wherein the one or more characteristics comprises temperature of the RCA, the container, and/or gas within the container.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the temperature comprises temperature of the container.

19. The method of claim 14 wherein at least a portion of the one or more characteristics is determined by a sensor operably connected to a processor, wherein the sensor and/or processor determines one or values for the one or more characteristics.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein the processor determines whether or not the one or more values are within a predetermined range or ranges for the one or more values and, if the value or values are outside the range, outputs a signal or signals to one or more actuators to modulate the introduction of carbon dioxide into the container.

21. The method of claim 14 wherein the RCA is agitated during some or all of the introduction of carbon dioxide into the container.

22. The method of claim 14 wherein carbon dioxide is introduced into a first container during or immediately after crushing the RCA.

23. The method of claim 14 wherein carbon dioxide is introduced during grading/classification of crushed RCA.

24. The method of claim 14 wherein carbon dioxide is introduced after grading/classification of crushed RCA.

25. The method of claim 14 wherein the carbonated RCA is carbonated to a level of 0.05-5% carbon dioxide, w/w.

26. The method of claim 14 wherein some or all of the carbon dioxide is obtained from flue gas of a cement producing facility or is produced by direct air capture of carbon dioxide.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Apr 22, 2022
From: THOMAS, MICHAEL; MONKMAN, GEORGE SEAN; HANMORE, ALEX; FORGERON, DEAN PAUL
To: CARBONCURE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
Reel/Frame 059684/0995 →
Continuity (3)
Provisional Application 62865898 · Jun 24, 2019
Provisional Application 62839303 · Apr 26, 2019
Related Publication 20220194852A1 · Jun 23, 2022
References Cited (400)
US 128980A · Rowland · 1872 [cited by applicant]
US 170594A · Richardson · 1875 [cited by applicant]
US 461888A · Richardson · 1891 [cited by applicant]
US 1932150A · Tada · 1933 [cited by applicant]
US 2254016A · Melton et al. · 1941 [cited by applicant]
US 2259830A · Osborne · 1941 [cited by applicant]
US 2329940A · Ponzer · 1943 [cited by applicant]
US 2496895A · Staley · 1950 [cited by applicant]
US 2498513A · Cuypers · 1950 [cited by applicant]
US 2603352A · Tromp · 1952 [cited by applicant]
US 3002248A · Willson · 1961 [cited by applicant]
US 3184037A · Greaves et al. · 1965 [cited by applicant]
US 3356779A · Schulze · 1967 [cited by applicant]
US 3358342A · Spence · 1967 [cited by applicant]
US 3442498A · Noah · 1969 [cited by applicant]
US 3468993A · Knud · 1969 [cited by applicant]
US 3492385A · Branko · 1970 [cited by applicant]
US 3667242A · Robert · 1972 [cited by applicant]
US 3752314A · Brown et al. · 1973 [cited by applicant]
US 3757631A · McManus et al. · 1973 [cited by applicant]
US 3917236A · Hanson · 1975 [cited by applicant]
US 3957203A · Bullard · 1976 [cited by applicant]
US 3976445A · Douglas et al. · 1976 [cited by applicant]
US 4068755A · Parkes et al. · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4069063A · Ball · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4076782A · Yazawa et al. · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4093690A · Murray · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4111671A · Williamson · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4117060A · Murray · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4257710A · Delcoigne et al. · 1981 [cited by applicant]
US 4266921A · Murray · 1981 [cited by applicant]
US 4275836A · Egger · 1981 [cited by applicant]
US 4350567A · Moorehead et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4362679A · Malinowski · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4375755A · Barbini et al. · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 4420868A · McEwen et al. · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 4427610A · Murray · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4436498A · Murray · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4444023A · Barbini et al. · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4526534A · Wollmann · 1985 [cited by applicant]
US 4588299A · Brown et al. · 1986 [cited by applicant]
US 4609303A · Shumaker · 1986 [cited by applicant]
US 4613472A · Svanholm · 1986 [cited by applicant]
US 4746481A · Schmidt · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4772439A · Trevino-Gonzalez · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4789244A · Dunton et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4846580A · Oury · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4881347A · Mario et al. · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4917587A · Alpar et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4944595A · Hodson · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 5051217A · Alpar et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5125979A · Swain et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5141363A · Stephens · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5158996A · Valenti · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5162402A · Ogawa et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5203919A · Bobrowski et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5220732A · Lee · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5232496A · Jennings et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5244498A · Steinke · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5257464A · Trevino-Gonzales · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5298475A · Shibata et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5352035A · Macaulay et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5356579A · Jennings et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5358566A · Tanaka et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5360660A · Nohlgren · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5393343A · Darwin et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5419632A · Stephens · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5427617A · Bobrowski et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5453123A · Burge et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5458470A · Mannhart et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5494516A · Drs et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5505987A · Jennings et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5518540A · Jones, Jr. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5556033A · Nachtman · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5583183A · Darwin et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5609681A · Drs et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5612396A · Valenti et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5624493A · Wagh et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5633298A · Arfaei et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5643978A · Darwin et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5650562A · Jones, Jr. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5660626A · Ohta et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5661206A · Tanaka et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5665158A · Darwin et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5667298A · Musil et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5668195A · Leikauf · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5669968A · Kobori et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5674929A · Melbye · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5676905A · Andersen et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5690729A · Jones, Jr. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5703174A · Arfaei et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5725657A · Darwin et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5728207A · Arfaei et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5744078A · Soroushian et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5752768A · Assh · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5753744A · Darwin et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5798425A · Albrecht et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5800752A · Charlebois · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5803596A · Stephens · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5804175A · Ronin et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5840114A · Jeknavorian et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5873653A · Paetzold · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5882190A · Doumet · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5885478A · Montgomery et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5912284A · Hirata et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5916246A · Viegas · 1999 [cited by examiner]
US 5935317A · Soroushian et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5944359A · Andronaco · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5947600A · Maeda et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5965201A · Jones, Jr. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6008275A · Moreau et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6023941A · Rhoades · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6042258A · Hines et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6042259A · Hines et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6063184A · Leikauf et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6066262A · Montgomery et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6113684A · Kunbargi · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6136950A · Vickers, Jr. et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6151913A · Lewis et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6173916B1 · Krone-Schmidt · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6187841B1 · Tanaka et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6264736B1 · Knopf et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6267494B1 · Burch · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6267814B1 · Bury et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6284867B1 · Vickers, Jr. et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6290770B1 · Moreau et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6310143B1 · Vickers, Jr. et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6318193B1 · Brock et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6334895B1 · Bland · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6372157B1 · Krill, Jr. et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6387174B2 · Knopf et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6418948B1 · Harmon · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6451105B1 · Turpin, Jr. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6463958B1 · Schwing · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6517631B2 · Bland · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6648551B1 · Taylor · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6682655B2 · Beckham et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6871667B2 · Schwing et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6890497B2 · Rau et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6936098B2 · Ronin · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6960311B1 · Mirsky et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6997045B2 · Wallevik et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7003965B2 · Auer et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7201018B2 · Gershtein et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7390444B2 · Ramme et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7399378B2 · Edwards et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7419051B2 · Damkjaer et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7549493B1 · Jones · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7588661B2 · Edwards et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7635434B2 · Mickelson et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7704349B2 · Edwards et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7735274B2 · Constantz et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7736430B2 · Barron et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7771684B2 · Constantz et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7815880B2 · Constantz et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7879146B2 · Raki et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7906086B2 · Comrie · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7914685B2 · Constantz et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7922809B1 · Constantz et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7950841B2 · Klein et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7966250B2 · Constantz et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8006446B2 · Constantz et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8043426B2 · Mohamed et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8105558B2 · Comrie · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8114214B2 · Constantz et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8114367B2 · Riman et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8118473B2 · Cooley et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8137455B1 · Constantz et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8157009B2 · Patil et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8177909B2 · Constantz et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8192542B2 · Virtanen · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8235576B2 · Klein et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8272205B2 · Estes et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8287173B2 · Khouri · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8311678B2 · Koehler et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8313802B2 · Riman et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8333944B2 · Constantz et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8470275B2 · Constantz et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8491858B2 · Seeker et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8503596B2 · Sheets · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8518176B2 · Silva et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8584864B2 · Lee et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8708547B2 · Bilger · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8709960B2 · Riman et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8721784B2 · Riman et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8746954B2 · Cooley et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8845940B2 · Niven et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8989905B2 · Sostaric et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9028607B2 · Ramme · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9061940B2 · Chen et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9108803B2 · Till · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9108883B2 · Forgeron et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9376345B2 · Forgeron et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9388072B1 · Niven et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9429558B2 · Boncan et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9448094B2 · Downie et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9463580B2 · Forgeron et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9492945B2 · Niven et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9738562B2 · Monkman et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9758437B2 · Forgeron et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9790131B2 · Lee et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 10246379B2 · Niven et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10350787B2 · Forgeron et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10392305B2 · Wang et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10570064B2 · Monkman et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10654191B2 · Niven et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10683237B2 · Lee et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10927042B2 · Monkman et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11072091B1 · Falco · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11090700B1 · Camell · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11660779B2 · Monkman et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11773019B2 · Monkman et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11773031B2 · Forgeron et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11878948B2 · Monkman et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 11958212B2 · Monkman et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20020019459A1 · Albrecht et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020047225A1 · Bruning et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020179119A1 · Harmon · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20030070448A1 · Gasteyer et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030122273A1 · Fifield · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20050131600A1 · Quigley et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050219938A1 · Rigaudon et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050219939A1 · Christenson et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20070114178A1 · Coppola et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070170119A1 · Mickelson et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070171764A1 · Klein et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070185636A1 · Cooley et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070215353A1 · Barron et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080092957A1 · Rosaen · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080174041A1 · Firedman et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080183523A1 · Dikeman · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080202389A1 · Hojaji et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080245274A1 · Ramme · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080264872A1 · Konishi et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080275149A1 · Ladely et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080308133A1 · Grubb et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080316856A1 · Cooley et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090044832A1 · Leonardich et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090093328A1 · Dickinger et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090103392A1 · Bilger · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090143211A1 · Riman et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090292572A1 · Alden et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090294079A1 · Edwards et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100086983A1 · Gellett et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100132556A1 · Constantz et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100239487A1 · Constantz et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100246312A1 · Welker et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110023659A1 · Nguyên et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110067600A1 · Constantz et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110165400A1 · Quaghebeur et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110198369A1 · Klein et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110249527A1 · Seiler et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110262328A1 · Wijmans et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110277670A1 · Self et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110281333A1 · Brown et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110289901A1 · Estes et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110303551A1 · Gilliam et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110320040A1 · Koehler et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120031303A1 · Constantz et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120111236A1 · Constantz et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120152153A1 · Gong et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120153153A1 · Chang et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120238006A1 · Gartner et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120290208A1 · Jiang et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120298011A1 · Silva et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120312194A1 · Riman et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130025317A1 · Terrien et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130036945A1 · Constantz et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130104778A1 · Lisowski et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130122267A1 · Riman et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130125791A1 · Fried et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130139727A1 · Constantz et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130167756A1 · Chen et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130284073A1 · Gartner · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130305963A1 · Fridman · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140034452A1 · Lee et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140050611A1 · Warren et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140069302A1 · Saastamoinen et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140083514A1 · Ding · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140090415A1 · Reddy et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140096704A1 · Rademan et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140104972A1 · Roberts et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140107844A1 · Koehler et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140116295A1 · Niven et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140127450A1 · Riman et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140197563A1 · Niven et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140208782A1 · Joensson et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140212941A1 · Lee · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140216303A1 · Lee et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140327168A1 · Niven et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140373755A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150023127A1 · Chon et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150069656A1 · Bowers et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150197447A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150202579A1 · Richardson et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150232381A1 · Niven et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150247212A1 · Sakaguchi et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150274537A1 · Myers et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150298351A1 · Beaupré · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150345034A1 · Sundara et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150355049A1 · Ait Abdelmalek et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160001462A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160046532A1 · Juilland et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160107939A1 · Monkman et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160185662A9 · Niven et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160272542A1 · Monkman et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160280598A1 · Wang et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160280610A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160340253A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160355441A1 · Tregger et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160355442A1 · Niven et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170015598A1 · Monkman et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170028586A1 · Jordan et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170036372A1 · Sandberg et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170043499A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170158549A1 · Yamada et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170158569A1 · Lee et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170165870A1 · Niven et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170217047A1 · Leon et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170252714A1 · Bennett et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170283293A1 · Shin et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180022654A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180029934A1 · Monkman et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180118622A1 · Monkman et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180252444A1 · Nelson et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180258000A1 · Lee et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190077045A1 · Monkman et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190168416A1 · Monkman et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200124054A1 · Nagase et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200165170A1 · Niven et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200223760A1 · Monkman et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200282595A1 · Monkman et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20220001578A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220013196A1 · Monkman et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220065527A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220194852A1 · Thomas et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20230406768A1 · Einarsdottir et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240116813A1 · Monkman et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240124366A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240360035A1 · Thomas et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240425412A1 · Forgeron et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20250114973A1 · Monkman et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20250187229A1 · Monkman et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20250191701A1 · Monkman et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
AT 388369B · 1998 [cited by applicant]
AU 2397377A · 1978 [cited by applicant]
AU 504446B2 · 1979 [cited by applicant]
AU 2017249444A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CA 970935A1 · 1975 [cited by applicant]
CA 1045073A · 1978 [cited by applicant]
CA 1072440A · 1980 [cited by applicant]
CA 1185078A1 · 1985 [cited by applicant]
CA 2027216A1 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
CA 2343021A1 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
CA 2362631A1 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
CA 2598583A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
CA 2646462A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
CA 2630226A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
CA 2659447A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
CA 2703343A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CA 2705857A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CA 2670049A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CA 2668249A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CA 2778508A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CA 2785143A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CA 2501329C · 2012 [cited by applicant]
CA 2829320A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
CA 2837832A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
CA 2943791A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
CA 3019860A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CA 3068082A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CL 1785744 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
CN 2055815U · 1990 [cited by applicant]
CN 1114007A · 1995 [cited by applicant]
CN 1267632A · 2000 [cited by applicant]
CN 2445047Y · 2001 [cited by applicant]
CN 1357506A · 2002 [cited by applicant]
CN 2575406Y · 2003 [cited by applicant]
CN 2700294Y · 2005 [cited by applicant]
CN 2702958Y · 2005 [cited by applicant]
CN 2748574Y · 2005 [cited by applicant]
CN 1735468A · 2006 [cited by applicant]
CN 1916332A · 2007 [cited by applicant]
CN 2893360Y · 2007 [cited by applicant]
CN 2913278Y · 2007 [cited by applicant]
CN 200961340Y · 2007 [cited by applicant]
CN 101099596A · 2008 [cited by applicant]
CN 101319512A · 2008 [cited by applicant]
CN 101538813A · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CN 101551001A · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CN 201325866Y · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CN 101844826A · 2010 [cited by applicant]
CN 203357623U · 2013 [cited by applicant]
CN 105102370A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
CN 104045251B · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 105174766B · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 107814530A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 107935507A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 106746828B · 2019 [cited by applicant]
CN 110590260A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
Cited By (1)
US 12,521,908