IP Library Granted Patent US 12,636,553
Granted Patent B2
US 12,636,553 · App. 17/978,877 · Granted May 26, 2026

Golf club heads and methods to manufacture golf club heads

Inventors: Caleb S. Kroloff (Phoenix, AZ); Bradley D. Schweigert (Cave Creek, AZ); Michael R. Nicolette (Scottsdale, AZ)
Assignee: PARSONS XTREME GOLF, LLC
A63B53/0487A63B53/065A63B60/02A63B53/0408A63B53/0437A63B53/0441A63B53/0466A63B53/047A63B2053/0491
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,636,553
App. No.
17/978,877
Granted
May 26, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

Examples of golf club heads and methods to manufacture golf club heads are generally described herein. In one example, a body portion of a golf club head may include a cavity having an opening and an interior structure defined by a wall portion and a base portion. A hosel portion may include an insert portion and a neck portion extending therefrom. The hosel portion may be attached to the body portion by an interference fit between the neck portion and the opening of the cavity. The insert portion may be received inside the cavity and may be spaced apart from the interior structure of the cavity. A space between the insert portion and the interior structure of the cavity may be partially or entirely filled with an adhesive to hold the hosel portion in place. Other examples may be described and claimed.

Claims (51)

1 . A golf club head comprising:

a body portion having a toe portion, a heel portion, a front portion with a face portion, a rear portion, a top portion, and a sole portion;

a cavity at the top portion, the cavity having an opening and an interior structure defined by a wall portion connected to a base portion;

a hosel portion including:

an insert portion configured to be received inside the cavity;

a neck portion configured to receive a shaft;

a transition portion between the insert portion and the neck portion, the transition portion diminishing in thickness from the neck portion toward the insert portion;

a first channel extending a first length across the insert portion and the transition portion; and

a second channel extending a second length across the insert portion and the transition portion; and

an adhesive disposed inside the opening and engaged to at least a portion of the insert portion and at least a portion of the transition portion,

wherein the transition portion frictionally engages the wall portion at or proximate the opening,

wherein a portion of the transition portion extends beyond the opening,

wherein a portion of the first channel extends beyond the opening to provide a first outlet for excess adhesive, and

wherein a portion of the second channel extends beyond the opening to provide a second outlet for excess adhesive.

2 . A golf club head as defined in claim 1 , wherein the insert portion has a total length that is greater than a total length of the transition portion.

3 . A golf club head as defined in claim 1 , wherein the insert portion is spaced apart from the wall portion and the base portion.

4 . A golf club head as defined in claim 1 , wherein the first channel is disposed on a first side of the hosel portion and the second channel is disposed on a second side of the hosel portion that is opposite to the first side, and wherein the first side faces toward the face portion and the second side faces toward the rear portion.

5 . A golf club head as defined in claim 1 , wherein the first length is equal or about equal to the second length.

6 . A golf club head as defined in claim 1 , wherein the portion of the first channel extending beyond the opening decreases in depth toward the neck portion, and wherein the portion of the second channel extending beyond the opening decreases in depth toward the neck portion.

7 . A golf club head as defined in claim 1 , further comprising a third channel extending across an end of the insert portion and connecting the first channel to the second channel.

8 . A golf club head comprising:

a body portion including a cavity having an opening and an interior structure defined by a wall portion and a base portion;

a hosel portion including:

an insert portion configured to be received inside the cavity;

a neck portion configured to receive a shaft;

a transition portion between the insert portion and the neck portion, the transition portion diminishing in thickness from the neck portion toward the insert portion;

one or more channels extending across the insert portion and the transition portion; and

an epoxy disposed inside the cavity and engaged to at least a portion of the insert portion and at least a portion of the transition portion,

wherein an upper portion of the transition portion is unable to clear the opening and directly abuts the wall portion at or proximate the opening, and

wherein the one or more channels extend beyond the opening to provide an outlet for excess epoxy.

9 . A golf club head as defined in claim 8 , wherein the hosel portion has a front side, a rear side, a toe side, and a heel side, and wherein each of the front and rear sides are wider than each of the toe and heel sides.

10 . A golf club head as defined in claim 9 , wherein the one or more channels is disposed on one of the front side and the rear side.

11 . A golf club head as defined in claim 8 , wherein the insert portion is spaced apart from the interior structure, and wherein a space between the insert portion and the wall portion is less than a space between the insert portion and the base portion.

12 . A golf club head as defined in claim 8 , wherein the one or more channels have uniform widths and variable depths.

13 . A golf club head as defined in claim 8 , wherein a portion of the one or more channels extending beyond the opening decreases in depth toward the neck portion.

14 . A golf club head comprising:

a body portion having a cavity defined by an opening, a wall portion, and a base portion;

a hosel portion including:

a first portion received inside the cavity;

a second portion partially received inside the cavity and configured to directly abut the wall portion at or proximate the opening; and

one or more channels extending across the first portion and the second portion; and

an adhesive disposed inside the cavity and engaged to at least a portion of the first portion and at least

a portion of the second portion,

wherein the first portion extends downwardly from the second portion and is spaced apart from the wall portion and the base portion, and

wherein the one or more channels extend beyond the opening to provide an outlet for excess adhesive.

15 . A golf club head as defined in claim 14 , wherein the opening has a rounded rectangular shape.

16 . A golf club head as defined in claim 14 , wherein a space between the first portion and the wall portion is less than a space between the first portion and the base portion.

17 . A golf club head as defined in claim 14 , wherein the second portion tapers toward the first portion.

18 . A golf club head as defined in claim 14 , wherein the hosel portion has a front side, a rear side, a toe side, and a heel side, and wherein each of the front and rear sides are wider than each of the toe and heel sides.

19 . A golf club head as defined in claim 18 , wherein the one or more channels are disposed on one of the front and rear sides.

20 . A golf club head as defined in claim 14 , wherein a portion of the one or more channels extending beyond the opening decreases in depth.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Nov 1, 2022
From: KROLOFF, CALEB S.; NICOLETTE, MICHAEL R.; SCHWEIGERT, BRADLEY D.
To: PARSONS XTREME GOLF, LLC
Reel/Frame 061620/0175 →
Continuity (54)
Continuation In Part 17472321 · Sep 10, 2021
Continuation 16940806 · Jul 28, 2020
Continuation 16006055 · Jun 12, 2018
Continuation In Part 15987731 · May 23, 2018
Continuation In Part 15188661 · Jun 21, 2016
Continuation 14812212 · Jul 29, 2015
Continuation In Part 15489366 · Apr 17, 2017
Continuation 15078749 · Mar 23, 2016
Continuation In Part 15831151 · Dec 4, 2017
Continuation In Part 15922506 · Mar 15, 2018
Continuation In Part 16866991 · May 5, 2020
Continuation 16283390 · Feb 22, 2019
Continuation 14962953 · Dec 8, 2015
Continuation 14686466 · Apr 14, 2015
Continuation In Part 16400128 · May 1, 2019
Continuation 15816517 · Nov 17, 2017
Continuation 15150006 · May 9, 2016
Continuation In Part 14586720 · Dec 30, 2014
Continuation In Part 17706782 · Mar 29, 2022
Continuation 16674332 · Nov 5, 2019
Continuation 16275883 · Feb 14, 2019
Continuation In Part 17344705 · Jun 10, 2021
Continuation 16751500 · Jan 24, 2020
Continuation In Part 16035271 · Jul 13, 2018
Continuation In Part 17378252 · Jul 16, 2021
Continuation 17232401 · Apr 16, 2021
Continuation 16567937 · Sep 11, 2019
Continuation In Part 17824074 · May 25, 2022
Continuation 17123325 · Dec 16, 2020
Continuation 17133260 · Dec 23, 2020
Provisional Application 62518715 · Jun 13, 2017
Provisional Application 62533481 · Jul 17, 2017
Provisional Application 62536266 · Jul 24, 2017
Provisional Application 62644233 · Mar 16, 2018
Provisional Application 62659060 · Apr 17, 2018
Provisional Application 62574071 · Oct 18, 2017
Provisional Application 62030820 · Jul 30, 2014
Provisional Application 62146114 · Apr 10, 2015
Provisional Application 62138925 · Mar 26, 2015
Provisional Application 62212462 · Aug 31, 2015
Provisional Application 62213933 · Sep 3, 2015
Provisional Application 62431157 · Dec 7, 2016
Provisional Application 62480338 · Mar 31, 2017
Provisional Application 61985351 · Apr 28, 2014
Provisional Application 61992379 · May 13, 2014
Provisional Application 62015297 · Jun 20, 2014
Provisional Application 62059108 · Oct 2, 2014
Provisional Application 62041553 · Aug 25, 2014
Provisional Application 62745194 · Oct 12, 2018
Provisional Application 62755241 · Nov 2, 2018
Provisional Application 62798277 · Jan 29, 2019
Provisional Application 62949064 · Dec 17, 2019
Provisional Application 63008654 · Apr 10, 2020
Related Publication 20230052522A1 · Feb 16, 2023
References Cited (235)
US 922444A · Youds · 1909 [cited by applicant]
US RE19178E · Spiker · 1934 [cited by applicant]
US 3749408A · Mills · 1973 [cited by applicant]
US 4043562A · Shillington · 1977 [cited by applicant]
US 4340230A · Churchward · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4754977A · Sahm · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4869507A · Sahm · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4927144A · Stormon · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 5116047A · Phelan et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5127653A · Nelson · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5137275A · Nelson · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5193806A · Burkly · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US D335317S · Shearer · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US D335692S · Antonious · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US D336757S · Antonious · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5244205A · Melanson et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5275412A · Innes · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US D350582S · Miansian et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5388827A · Reynolds · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5390918A · Meyers et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5429366A · McCabe · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US D363101S · Sturm · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5454563A · Nagamoto et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5470063A · Fisher · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US D365864S · Sturm · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5489097A · Simmons · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US D368751S · Rife · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US D369393S · Takahashi et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5518235A · Mendenhall · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5569098A · Klein · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5571053A · Lane · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US D378688S · Cameron · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5647807A · Nagamoto · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US D385609S · Cameron · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5683307A · Rife · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US D388143S · Huan-Chiang · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US D389207S · Cameron · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5711719A · Fireman · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5720671A · Cheng · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5749793A · Lucetti · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US D398685S · Masuda · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5803824A · Rollingson · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US D399290S · Sizemore, Jr. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US D399911S · Nicolette et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5839974A · McAllister · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US D405836S · Nicolette et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5890969A · Bechler · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US D409701S · Ashcraft et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5924938A · Hines · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5941781A · Sessions · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6007434A · Baker et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6039656A · Fireman · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US D422655S · Hicks · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6050903A · Lake · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US D426276S · Besnard et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US D431854S · Cameron · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US D432192S · Hicks · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US D436151S · Nicolette et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US D437374S · Cameron · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US D441820S · Nicolette et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6234915B1 · Wu · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US D443668S · Nicolette et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US D443905S · Nicolette et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US D444833S · Wells et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6264571B1 · Lekavich · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US D449664S · Beebe et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US D449865S · Fife, Jr. et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US D450799S · Nicolette et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US D451973S · Wells et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6348014B1 · Chiu · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6354959B1 · Nicolette et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6394910B1 · McCarthy · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6478694B2 · Anderson et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US D472949S · Serrano · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US D474821S · Wells et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US D474949S · Schaffeld et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6561919B2 · Edel · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US D483086S · Schweigert et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6659883B2 · Nelson et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US D486872S · Schweigert et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US D488200S · Olsavsky et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6752726B2 · Burrows · 2004 [cited by examiner]
US D498276S · Schweigert et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6902496B2 · Solheim et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US D512116S · Miraflor et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6988956B2 · Cover et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 6997819B2 · Naylor et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US D520088S · Parr · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7077760B2 · Gray · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US D531242S · Adams · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US D532067S · Soracco et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7153220B2 · Lo · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US D534595S · Hasebe · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7156752B1 · Bennett · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7163465B2 · Edel · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US D536401S · Kawami · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US D536403S · Kawami · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US D538371S · Kawami · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7201668B1 · Pamias · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7204765B2 · Cover et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US D542869S · Adams · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US D543598S · Kuan et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US D543601S · Kawami · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US D555219S · Lin · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US D556277S · Broom · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7309297B1 · Solari · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US D561854S · Morris · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7331876B2 · Klein · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7351162B2 · Soracco et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US D569461S · Morris · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US D569930S · Nehrbas · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7396289B2 · Soracco et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7416494B2 · Edel · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US D577085S · Nicolette et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US D577086S · Nicolette et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US D579506S · Nicolette et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US D579995S · Nicolette et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US D582497S · Rollinson · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7473189B2 · Schweigert et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7491131B2 · Vinton · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US D595793S · Rollinson · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US D599425S · Laub · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US D600763S · Cameron · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7744485B2 · Jones et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US D620993S · Laub · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US D621461S · Serrano et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US D623709S · Serrano et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7819755B2 · Sugimae · 2010 [cited by examiner]
US D631925S · Broom · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7887432B2 · Jones et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7909707B2 · Klein · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7918745B2 · Morris et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US D638891S · Nicolette et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US D642643S · Nicolette et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US D643485S · Nicolette et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US D645104S · Nicolette et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8096039B2 · Soracco et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US D653718S · Stokke et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US D661753S · Cameron et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US D666260S · Cynn · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8371958B2 · Treadwell · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8376878B2 · Bennett et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US D688339S · Hilton et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US D688341S · Rollinson · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US D691226S · Hilton et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8636607B2 · Renna · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US D699308S · Rollinson · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8696492B1 · Hocknell et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US D704782S · Rollinson · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8721472B2 · Kuan et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8790193B2 · Serrano et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US D711483S · Wong · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US D715388S · Serrano et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8870674B1 · Abbott · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US D722350S · Schweigert · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D722351S · Parsons et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D722352S · Nicolette et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D723120S · Nicolette · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D724164S · Schweigert et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D725208S · Schweigert · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D726265S · Nicolette · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D726846S · Schweigert · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D730462S · Becktor et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D732122S · Becktor · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D732618S · Becktor et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D733234S · Nicolette · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9079077B2 · Wolf · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9108092B1 · Warner · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D738447S · Schweigert · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D738449S · Schweigert · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D739487S · Schweigert · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D741426S · Schweigert · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US D748213S · Parsons et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US D748215S · Parsons et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9272193B1 · Yim · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US D753252S · Schweigert · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9545544B2 · Jones et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9604108B1 · Dunnell et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9675854B2 · Wang et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9808680B1 · Myers et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9925427B2 · Bischmann et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9956463B2 · Franklin et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10493331B2 · Kroloff et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10632348B2 · Kultala · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 10737153B2 · Schweigert et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10960271B2 · Kroloff · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 11311781B2 · Kroloff · 2022 [cited by examiner]
US 11517798B2 · Kroloff · 2022 [cited by examiner]
US 12465823B2 · Kroloff · 2025 [cited by examiner]
US 20020077193A1 · Takeda · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020193174A1 · Edel · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20030199332A1 · Lindsay · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20040014532A1 · Lee et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040138003A1 · Grace · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040180730A1 · Franklin et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050101401A1 · Sugimae · 2005 [cited by examiner]
US 20060052178A1 · Franklin et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060094522A1 · Tang et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060223649A1 · Rife · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20070129163A1 · Solari · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070135232A1 · Billings · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070142122A1 · Bonneau · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070173344A1 · Burch · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 20070207875A1 · Kuan et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070238548A1 · Johnson · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080139333A1 · Klein · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080146372A1 · John · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080176672A1 · Roach et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090029800A1 · Jones et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090156328A1 · Reese · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090163287A1 · Via et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090181791A1 · Sanchez · 2009 [cited by examiner]
US 20090239678A1 · De La Cruz et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100035700A1 · Yu et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100255922A1 · Lueders · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100317454A1 · Sato et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110111878A1 · Vald'Via · 2011 [cited by examiner]
US 20110165959A1 · Klein · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110319186A1 · Evans · 2011 [cited by examiner]
US 20130137529A1 · Imamoto · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 20130165256A1 · Stevenson · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130210537A1 · Ainscough et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130225315A1 · O'Shea, III · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 20150306477A1 · Parsons et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150367186A1 · Vrska · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20160016050A1 · Rife et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160136487A1 · Clarke et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160346649A1 · Jertson et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20180001163A1 · Becktor et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180311545A1 · Lambeth et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180361206A1 · Becktor et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
JP 2005160691A · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006087846A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
Original and re-print of Document ID CA-2692345-C, titled “Releasable and Interchangeable Connections for Golf Club Heads and Shafts”, with an inventor name of James S. Thomas et al., pp. 1-118, published Sep. 25, 2012.… [cited by examiner]
Original and translation of Document ID JP-H0956851-A, titled “Gold Club” [sic], with an inventor name Toshio Chikaraishi, pp. 1-8, published Mar. 4, 1997. (Year: 1997). [cited by examiner]