Methods and apparatuses for use in tuning reactance in a circuit device
Methods and apparatuses for use in tuning reactance are described. Open loop and closed loop control for tuning of reactances are also described. Tunable inductors and/or tunable capacitors may be used in filters, resonant circuits, matching networks, and phase shifters. Ability to control inductance and/or capacitance in a circuit leads to flexibility in operation of the circuit, since the circuit may be tuned to operate under a range of different operating frequencies.
1. A tunable inductor comprising:
a first RF terminal and a second RF terminal;
an inductive element coupling the first RF terminal to the second RF terminal, the inductive element comprising:
i) a fixed inductor having a first inductor terminal connected directly to the first RF terminal, and a second inductor terminal connected directly to the second RF terminal; and
ii) a circuital arrangement having a first circuital terminal directly connected to the first RF terminal, and a second circuital terminal directly connected to the second RF terminal, the circuital arrangement comprising a plurality of parallel branches, each parallel branch coupled across the first and the second circuital terminals, and
wherein each parallel branch includes a series combination of a switching element and a capacitor.
2. The tunable inductor of claim 1 , configured to receive control signals to control the switching element, thereby setting the effective inductance of the fixed inductor to a desired value by varying a capacitance between the first and the second RF terminals.
3. The tunable inductor of claim 2 , wherein at least one switching element comprises two or more switches arranged in a stacked configuration.
4. The tunable inductor of claim 3 , wherein the two or more switches of the at least one switching element receive the same control signal.
5. The tunable inductor of claim 4 , wherein at least one switch of the two or more switches is selected from a group consisting of a field effect transistor, an accumulated charge control field effect transistor, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switch, a diode, and a gallium nitride (GaN) device.
6. The tunable inductor of claim 5 , wherein the inductive element and the two or more switches of the at least one switching element are integrated on a same chip or die.
7. The tunable inductor of claim 6 , wherein the chip is a silicon-on-insulator chip or a silicon-on-sapphire chip.
8. The tunable inductor of claim 3 , wherein the inductive element comprises a spiral inductor.
9. The tunable inductor of claim 8 , wherein at least one of two or more switches is located between turns of the spiral inductor.
10. The tunable inductor of claim 1 , further comprising a sensor with an output signal being generated according to changes in an operating frequency, or operating conditions of the tunable inductor.
11. The tunable inductor of claim 10 , wherein the operating conditions include ambient temperature changes.
12. A cellular phone including the tunable inductor of claim 1 .
13. An amplifier comprising:
a tunable interstage matching network including the tunable inductor of claim 1 coupled with a tunable capacitor;
a first stage coupled to the tunable interstage matching network at one end and a second stage coupled to the tunable interstage matching network at another end, and
wherein the tunable interstage matching network is configured to match the first stage to the second stage.
14. The amplifier of claim 13 , wherein each of the first and the second stages include transistors arranged in cascode configurations, and wherein each transistor is configured to receive a corresponding bias voltage through a gate resistor connected to the gate of the transistor.
15. The amplifier of claim 14 , integrated on a silicon-on-insulator chip or a silicon-on-sapphire chip.
16. A method of tuning an inductance between a first radio frequency (RF) terminal and a second RF terminal, the method comprising:
coupling the first RF terminal to the second RF terminal by an inductive element;
applying an input signal to the first RF terminal to generate an output signal at the second RF terminal;
sensing the output signal;
adjusting an inductance of the inductive element based on the sensing of the output signal,
wherein the inductive element comprises:
i) a fixed inductor having a first inductor terminal connected directly to the first RF terminal, and a second inductor terminal connected directly to the second RF terminal;
ii) a circuital arrangement having a first circuital terminal directly connected to the first RF terminal, and a second circuital terminal directly connected to the second RF terminal, the circuital arrangement comprising a plurality of parallel branches, each parallel branch coupled across the first and the second circuital terminals, and
wherein each parallel branch includes a series combination of a switching element and a capacitor.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the adjusting is performed based on enabling or disabling the switching element.
18. The tunable inductor of claim 1 further comprising:
a controller coupled to the inductive element, and
a sensor coupling the second RF terminal to the controller;
wherein:
the sensor is configured to analyze an output signal at the second RF terminal to generate a sensor output signal, and
the controller is configured to receive the sensor output signal and to generate control signals accordingly to adjust an effective inductance of the inductive element.