Compositions and methods for modulating metabolic pathways
Compositions and methods useful for inducing an increase in fatty acid oxidation or mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing weight gain, inducing weight loss, or increasing Sirt1, Sirt3, or AMPK activity are provided herein. Such compositions can contain synergizing amounts of a sirtuin-pathway activators, including but not limited to resveratrol, in combination with beta-hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB), keto isocaproic acid (KIC), leucine, or combinations of HMB, KIC and leucine.
1. A composition comprising: (a) at least 500 mg of leucine and/or at least 200 mg of one or more metabolites thereof, wherein the one or more leucine metabolites are selected from the group consisting of keto-isocaproic acid (KIC), alpha-hydroxy-isocaproic acid, and HMB; and (b) at least 1 mg of a sirtuin pathway activator that is an anti-diabetic agent selected from the group consisting of a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) inhibitor, incretin and/or incretin mimetic; wherein the composition is substantially free of the individual amino acids alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, valine, and proline; wherein the composition is formulated as a tablet, capsule, gel capsule, beverage, snack bar or a food composition; wherein when (a) is a metabolite of leuine the molar ratio of (a) to (b) is greater than 10; and wherein when (a) is leucine, the molar ratio of (a) to (b) is greater than 500.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a subtherapeutic amount of the anti-diabetic agent.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein when (a) is leucine, the molar ratio of (a) to (b) is greater than 1000.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein when (a) is HMB.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the anti-diabetic agent is a DPP inhibitor.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the DPP inhibitor is selected from a group consisting of sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, lingliptin, dutogliptin, gemigliptin, alogliptin, and berberine.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the anti-diabetic agent is an incretin.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the anti-diabetic agent is an incretin mimetic.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the incretin mimetic is selected from the group consisting of exenatide and liraglutide.
10. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising a biguanide.
11. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the biguanide is metformin.
12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the metformin is at an amount about 25 mg to about 2000 mg.
13. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising thiazolidinedione.
14. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising rosiglitazone.
15. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising an additional sirtuin pathway activator that activates one or more of SIRT1, SIRT3, AMPK, and PGC1α.
16. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of a hydroxycinnamic acid, a stilbene, a polyphenol or a polyphenol precursor.
17. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the polyphenol or polyphenol precursor is selected from a group consisting of chlorogenic acid, resveratrol, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, piceatannol, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, grape seed extract, and any analog thereof.
18. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising resveratrol.
19. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
20. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is substantially free of an individual non-branched amino acid.
21. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is formulated as a unit dose.
22. A method for treating diabetes in a subject in need thereof comprising: administering to the subject the composition of claim 1 , wherein the insulin sensitivity in the subject is increased.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the fat oxidation in the subject is increased or the inflammatory response in the subject is decreased.
24. A method for increasing mitochondrial biogenesis in a subject in need thereof comprising:
administering to the subject the composition of claim 1 , wherein the mitochondrial biogenesis levels in the subject is increased.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the mitochondrial biogenesis output is increased by at least 1 fold.
26. A method for treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising: administering to the subject the composition of claim 1 , wherein the condition of the subject's metabolic disease is improved.