Method of making anode component by atmospheric plasma deposition, anode component, and lithium-ion cell and battery containing the component
An anode component for a lithium-ion cell is formed using an atmospheric plasma deposition. The anode component has an anode material layer comprising high lithium-intercalating capacity silicon particles as active anode material in pores of a bonded layer of metal particles. The atmospheric plasma deposition process deposits metal particles and smaller silicon-containing particles concurrently or sequentially on an anode current collector substrate or polymeric separator substrate for the lithium-ion cell. The anode material layer may optionally be lithiated in the atmospheric plasma deposition process. The plasma deposition process is used to form a porous electrode layer on the substrate consisting essentially of a porous metal matrix containing smaller particles of the electrode material particles supported and carried in the pores of the matrix. When the anode component is assembled into a cell, remaining pore capacity is filled with a lithium-ion containing liquid electrolyte solution.
1. A method of forming an anode component for a lithium-ion electrochemical cell, comprising:
depositing metal particles from a first atmospheric plasma through a first nozzle of a plasma device onto a substrate to form a porous network of adhered metal particles, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of metals of Group 1B, Group IVA, and Group VIII of the periodic table, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof and wherein the substrate is an anode current collector or a porous polymeric separator; and
concurrently with, overlapping with, or subsequent to depositing the metal particles, depositing active anode material particles from the first atmospheric plasma through the first nozzle or from a second atomospheric plasma through a second nozzle of the plasma device, wherein the active anode material particles are less than 1 micrometer and smaller than the metal particles and comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of silicon and SiO x ;
wherein the active anode material particles adhere to the metal particles to form a layer of anode material on the substrate.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the metal particles are from about 1 to about 15 micrometers and wherein the active anode material particles are from about 5 to about 900 nanometers.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the active anode material particles are formed in the first or second atmospheric plasma from a precursor vapor.
4. A method according to claim 3 , wherein the precursor vapor comprises a siloxane compound.
5. A method according to claim 3 , wherein the active anode material particles further comprise graphitic carbon formed in the plasma from an alkane gas.
6. A method according to claim 3 , wherein the active anode material is lithiated by one of sputtering a lithium wire, or depositing lithium from a vaporized precursor containing lithium, or depositing lithium particles, which optionally comprise surface passivation, from an atmospheric plasma through the first nozzle, the second nozzle, or a third nozzle of the plasma device.
7. A method according to claim 3 , wherein the active anode material particles are applied to the substrate using the first nozzle.
8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of copper, tin, iron, nickel, titanium cobalt, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, and stainless steel.
9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the active anode material is lithiated by one of sputtering a lithium wire, or depositing lithium from a vaporized precursor containing lithium, or depositing lithium particles, which optionally comprise surface passivation, from an atmospheric plasma through the first nozzle, the second nozzle, or a third nozzle of the plasma device.
10. A method according to claim 1 , comprising forming a plurality of layers of anode material on the substrate having a total thickness of up to about 150 micrometers.
11. A method according to claim 10 , wherein at least one member selected from the group consisting of
metal particle composition, active anode material composition, concentration of active anode material, network porosity, metal particle size, active anode material particle size, and combinations thereof
varies between at least two of the plurality of layers.
12. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the anode material layer comprises from about 5% to about 75% by volume of the active anode material particles.
13. A method of forming an anode component for a lithium-ion electrochemical cell, comprising:
depositing metal particles from an atmospheric plasma through a first nozzle of a plasma device onto a substrate to form a porous network of adhered metal particles, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of metals of Group 1B, Group IVA, and Group VIII of the periodic table, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof and wherein the substrate is an anode current collector or a porous polymeric separator; and
concurrently with, overlapping with, or subsequent to depositing the metal particles, depositing active anode material particles formed from a siloxane precursor in the atmospheric plasma through the first nozzle or in an atmospheric plasma through a second nozzle or through a second nozzle of the plasma device, wherein the active anode material particles comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of silicon and SiO x ;
wherein the metal particles are from about 1 to about 15 micrometers and wherein the active anode material particles are from about 5 to about 900 nanometers; and
wherein the active anode material particles adhere to the metal particles to form a layer of anode material on the substrate.
14. A method according to claim 13 , wherein the active anode material particles further comprise graphitic carbon formed from an alkane gas and/or lithium formed from an organic lithium compound or sputtered from a lithium wire.